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2. wk > Concept o Cell (Pro, Euc, a multicell life) > Flashcards

Concept o Cell (Pro, Euc, a multicell life) Flashcards

1
Q

What are general steps to create protein or DNA and RNA?

A
  • Mixtures of gases can react to form small organic molecules
  • Small organic molecules can associate to form polymers
  • > amino acids and nucleotides can form polypeptides, in the form of proteins, and polynucleotides, in the form of DNA and RNA
  • > A set of 20 amino acids constitute protein
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2
Q

What can polynucleotide guide?

A

-Polynucleotides have limited capacity as catalysts compared to polypeptides BUT they can guide the formation of exact copies of their own sequence

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3
Q

What determines the phenotype/ genotype of RNA?

A
  • RNA molecule has a specific folded 3D structure which determines the phenotype (gene expression)
  • Genotype is determined by the sequence of nucleotides
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4
Q

What was a crucial development for the RNA?

A

-Development of an outer membrane (enclosing RNA (schließt die RNA ein) was a very crucial development!

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5
Q

Which transition happened 1.5 billion years ago?

A

-a transition from prokaryotic cells to a larger and more complex eukaryotic cells

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6
Q

What do bacteria often possess?

A

-Bacteria often possess a protective coat (cell wall), plasma membrane enclosing a single cytoplasmic compartment containing DNA, RNA, proteins and small molecules

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7
Q

How do bacteria replicate?

A

-Bacteria are small and replicate quickly by binary fission (binäre Spaltungen)

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8
Q

What are the most basic actions of individual organisms to enable survival?

A

-multipurpose movements:
– Locomotion: to approach or to avoid something
– Orienting: towards or away from something
– Exploring/foraging (aufsuchen) /seeking (includes the first two, plus instigation (anstiftung) by a motivational state)

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9
Q

How do these multipurpose actions take place?

A

-These take place on a background of maintenance (Wartungs-) activity, including respiration (Atmung), temperature regulation, postural reflexes (Haltungsreflexen)

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10
Q

What do these actions require in multicellular organisms?

A

-require nervous system control and integration

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11
Q

Describe the general structure of bacteria

A
  • DNA, cell wall, flagellum, ribosomes in cytosol, plasma membrane
  • Flagella: are responsible for the motility of the bacteria (moves long axis (Längsachse))
  • cell walls: give protection are made of peptidoglycan, which is a polysaccharide chain
  • ribosomes: They are the sites where the translation of mRNA takes place, and also they are responsible for the synthesis of proteins
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12
Q

Describe the bacteria morphology

A
  • bacili, cocci, spirilli
  • cocci: spherical (kreisförmig)
  • bacili: rod-formed (stabförmig)
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13
Q

What is pili? For what is it required

A

-Pili - slender, hair-like, proteinaceous appendages (Anhänger) on the surface of many (Gram-negative) bacteria
-required for adhesion (Haltung) to host surfaces.
more rigid (starrer) in appearance than flagella

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14
Q

What are capsules? For?

A
  • lies outside the cell wall, thick (up to 10 µm) outer capsule of high-molecular-weight, viscous polysaccharide
  • others have more amorphous slime layers
  • > Capsules confer resistance to (gegen) phagocytosis
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15
Q

What do eukaryotic cells have (which procaryotes don’t have)?

A

-have a nucleus enclosed by a double layer membrane

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16
Q

Where is the rest of the content (in eukaryotic cells)?

A
  • The rest of the contents are found in the cytoplasm where many organelles are recognized
  • > two most important:
  • chloroplasts and mitochondria
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17
Q

What are mitochondria and what is it responsible for?

A

-is like a bacterium:
contains DNA, is small, makes protein, reproduce by dividing into two
-It is responsible for respiration (Atmung)

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18
Q

What is the name of the eukaryotic cell skeleton? Functions? Composed of?

A
  • internal skeleton/ cytoskeleton which:
  • gives the cell its shape, its capacity to move, and its ability to arrange its organelles and transport them from one part of the cell to the other
  • is composed of a network of protein filaments: actin filaments and microtubules.
19
Q

Which role does the nucleus take? Name three regions of the nucleus

A

-Control center of the cell
-Contains genetic material (DNA)
three regions:
-Nuclear membrane
-Nucleolus
-Chromatin

20
Q

What is a nuclear membrane? Function? Consists of?

A
  • Barrier of nucleus
  • Consists of a double phospholipid membrane
  • Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
21
Q

What are nucleoli? Function?

A
  • Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
  • Sites (standort) of ribosome production
  • Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
22
Q

What is chromatin? Composed of? Function?

A
  • Composed of DNA and protein
  • Scattered (verstreut) throughout the nucleus
  • Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
23
Q

What is a plasma membrane? Function? Consists of?

A
  • Barrier for cell contents
  • Double phospholipid layer
    • Hydrophilic heads
    • Hydrophobic tails
  • Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins
24
Q

What are the functions of:

Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisome? What do they all have in common?

A
  • Golgi apparatus: modification and transport of the molecules made in the endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes, lipid synthesis) (red)
  • Lysosomes: storage of enzymes required for intracellular digestion (yellow)
  • Peroxisomes: generation and degradation of hydrogen peroxide during oxidation (blue, round)
  • all these organelles are bounded by a membrane
  • > organelles + cytosol = cytoplasm
25
Q

Which cells are larger Mammalian or plant?

A

-plant cells are larger approximately 30 x 20 micron

26
Q

Name the additional organelles which plant cells have?

A
  • central vacuole
  • plastids
  • cell wall
  • specialized adhesion junctions
27
Q

What is the function of central vacuole? (plant cell)

A
  • tonoplast (Membran) maintains cell’s turgor ( Druck des Zellsafts auf die Zellwand bezeichnet)
  • storage (water, ions, and nutrients such as sucrose and amino acids, and waste products)
28
Q

What are plastids? (Name different plaited + functions)

A
  • organelles found in plants and algae
  • chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • Amyloplasts for starch storage
  • Chromoplasts for pigment synthesis and storage
  • Leucoplasts - can differentiate into more specialized plastids (Amyloplasts - starch storage, Elaioplasts - storing fat, Proteinoplasts - storing and modifying protein)
  • (MH - plastids and mitochondria and have own DNA)
29
Q

What is the cell wall? (plant cell) + Function+ structure

A
  • Rigid (starre) structure outside cell membrane
  • No ability to move
  • Resist osmotic stresses
  • Structure - cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin
30
Q

What are specialized adhesion junctions?+ function

A
  • plasmodesmata
  • cell-cell communication pathways
  • allow cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are continuous
31
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • Not a cell (Latin, virus = toxin or poison)

- Not alive

32
Q

What do viruses infect?

A

-Unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell
-infects living cells
-Infect different hosts (animal, plant and bacterial)
Classified

33
Q

How are viruses classified?

A
  • RNA or DNA viruses

- double or single stranded

34
Q

What is a virion?

A

an entire virus particle (outer a shell)

35
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

-A virus that infects bacteria

36
Q

Which genetic material does a virus contain?

A

-contains DNA or RNA within a protective protein coat (capsid) (Schicht)

37
Q

What does the cellular transport describe in general?

A

-There is a continual exchange btw organelles and the outside of the cell

38
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

-substances (s.a. Flüssigkeit und Partikel) present in the external medium or molecules previously attached to the cell surface are taken in

39
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

-reverse process of endocytosis

40
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

-unter Phagozytose versteht man die Aufnahme extrazellulärer Partikel, Mikroorganismen oder Flüssigkeiten durch spezialisierte Zellen (Phagozyten)
->it is a form of Endocytosis
(Very large particles or even entire foreign cells can be taken up)

41
Q

How is multicellular life formed through having single cells?

A

-Animal cells are bound together by a loose meshwork of large extracellular organic molecules (extracellular matrix) and by adhesions between their plasma membranes (ex: fibroblasts and epithelial cells)

42
Q

How are epithelial cell sheets formed?

A

-separate the internal space of the body from the exterior (skin/air interface)

43
Q

What are the other primitive differentiated (Grundgewebe-arten) cells?

A

-nerve cells, muscle cells, and connective tissue (Grundgewebe) cells

44
Q

What do specialized cells set up while interacting and communicating with one another?

A
  • setting up signals (dermis/epidermis)

- >Groups of genes are activated or repressed in response to both internal and external signals

2. wk (9 decks)

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