Con Tech Flashcards
Name a sustainable method on your project
The use of EPIV valves for the fan Coil units, more energy efficient by avoiding over pumping
Types of external wall
Stone facade
Curtain walling
Brick slips
Brick work
how is the stair constructed
the slab is cut top down- crash matts on floor below.
reviewed with structural engineer to seeif back propping was necessary
then the stair is constructed bottom up
hoarding is put up around where the slab cut is - 60min fire rated due to smoke extract on plant roof not being cut until L8 works
using recycled steel beam on L6 cut out
- Careful/ controlled demolition of slab above beams, to retain shear studs and avoid damaging the beam flanges
- Beams temporarily supported to allow for unbolting, current contractor proposals would be to hang from level 08 beams, or MEWPs would be considered at level 06 to move beams into new position.
- Larger area of slab would be broken out to allow for metal deck to be place and new concrete slab to be poured – this would allow for the composite action be achieved between the beam and concrete, which is critical to control deflection over a long span.
recycled beam on L6 benefits
- Significant carbon saving, as no need to re-produce sections (particularly fabricated sections, which are more carbon intensive), and reduction in materials delivered to site.
- Offers benefits to the buildability, as bringing new long-span steel elements to site will be challenging – the original beams were craned in, which is no longer feasible in the current building. New elements would need to be cut into sections small enough to fit into the goods lift, and reformed with splice connections along the length of the beam.
- Although increasing the scope of slab demolition, this could offer a significant saving overall in terms of cost, programme and carbon.
recycled beam on L6 negatives
- The beams will be cut shorter than the current span, as the connections will need to be removed. This creates complexity in the new connections to be formed once the beams are in their new position.
- Beams could be damaged during demolition.
- The original beams were pre-cambered, which won’t be possible in the proposed condition with beam re-use – may be subject to higher deflections, which needs to be factored into the design.
- The tonnage of these beams is significant, which will prove challenging when trying to remove and reinstall in a new location.
how do you test concrete
cube test, take samples at 7/14 & 21 days then its crushed, to see how it crushes shows the strength
BREEAM Levels
outstanding 85% +
excellent 70-85%
very good 55-70%
good 45-55%
pass 30-45%
unclassified below 30%
BREEAM assessment categories
management
water
energy
transport
health & wellbeing
resources
resilience
land use & ecology
pollution
materials
waste
innovation
BREEAM Standards
new construction
refurbishments & fit out
in use
in community
building safety act
post grenfell tragedy
dame judith hackitts report- building a safe future
new duty holders
principal designer
high risk buildings- 2+ residential units, 7+ storeys or 18m or taller
types of concrete
pre cast
in situ
what are the riba stages
0- strategic defintion
1- preparation and briefing
2- concept design
3- spatial coordination
4- technical design
5- construction
6- handover
7- in use
when doing your master programme how did you know how long to have for you design stages
- validated length with similar projects
- spoke with design team
- spoke with client
steel frame v concrete frame
steel:
off site manufacturing
works for constrained sites
reuse
long lead times
expensive during covid- inflated prices
concrete:
shorter lead times
less expensive
design might prefer a certain type
difference between Shell & Core, CAT A & CAT B
shell & core- weather tight
CAT A- some services are in- major M&E/ first fixes, cant move into it,
CAT B- ready to be moved in, minor client adjustments to be made- FF&E
CAT A risks
BDO- taking at CAT A, main risks is around the services, not having a dedicated riser or extract by the kitchen, not much room for plant on the roof - dictates what can be done with the space
How is a suspended ceiling constructed
Components of a Suspended Ceiling
Grid Framework:
Made of lightweight metal (aluminum or steel), the grid provides the structure for the ceiling panels.
Comprises main runners, cross tees, and perimeter trim.
Ceiling Panels or Tiles:
Typically made of materials like mineral fiber, plasterboard, metal, or plastic.
Installed within the grid framework.
Suspension System:
Wires or hangers are used to suspend the grid framework from the structural ceiling.
Adjustable to ensure the ceiling is level.
Perimeter Trim:
Installed around the edges of the room where the suspended ceiling meets the walls.
Provides a neat finish and supports the grid at the edges.
Step-by-Step Construction Process
1. Preparation
Survey the Space:
Measure the room dimensions and determine the ceiling height.
Identify services to be concealed, such as pipes, wiring, ductwork, or lighting.
Check for any obstructions or load requirements for the ceiling.
Mark Ceiling Height:
Use a laser level or chalk line to mark the desired height of the suspended ceiling on the walls. This will be the reference point for installing the perimeter trim.
2. Install Perimeter Trim
Attach L-shaped perimeter trim to the walls along the marked reference line using screws or nails. This forms the boundary for the grid system.
Ensure the trim is level all the way around the room.
3. Install Suspension System
Mark Suspension Points:
Determine where the suspension wires or hangers will be attached to the structural ceiling. These are typically spaced at regular intervals (600mm to 1200mm depending on the grid size).
Attach Suspension Wires:
Fix wires or rods to the structural ceiling using anchors or screws. These will support the weight of the grid framework.
Ensure the wires are securely fastened and hang vertically.
4. Assemble the Grid Framework
Install Main Runners:
Position the main runners parallel to each other, suspended by the wires. These are the primary structural elements of the grid.
Adjust the suspension wires to ensure the runners are level.
Install Cross Tees:
Attach cross tees perpendicular to the main runners to create a grid pattern. The cross tees divide the grid into sections for the ceiling tiles to fit.
Secure Connections:
Ensure all joints between main runners and cross tees are securely locked into place.
5. Install Ceiling Panels or Tiles
Place Panels in the Grid:
Insert ceiling panels or tiles into the grid framework, resting them on the flanges of the runners and cross tees.
Cut tiles to size where necessary, particularly around edges or obstructions (e.g., pipes or light fittings).
Install Services:
If the ceiling includes lighting, air vents, sprinklers, or other services, install these in the appropriate grid sections before placing the tiles.
6. Final Adjustments
Level the Ceiling:
Check that the suspended ceiling is perfectly level using a laser or spirit level.
Clean Up:
Remove any debris or dust from the installation process.
What is the purpose of a raised access floor
to allow for services to run at low level. Can also provide acoustics beenfits
How would you construct a partition wall to achieve maximum acoustic performance
install acoustic plasterboard & insulation between the stud walls. Ensure it is flooring ceiling and fully sealed, with floo track rubber or foam strops to minimize sound transfer through the floor
How does a pre-action sprinkler differ from a sprinkler system?
“Conventional Sprinkler System: Best for general applications where immediate fire suppression and simplicity are priorities. However, it carries a higher risk of water damage from accidental discharge.
Pre-Action Sprinkler System: Ideal for environments with valuable or sensitive assets where the risk of accidental discharge must be minimized. It provides an extra layer of control but is more expensive and complex.
What is a UPS and what is it’s purpose?
uninteruptible power supply- ensuring uninterrupted power and protecting equipment from electrical disturbances, which is essential for minimizing downtime, safeguarding sensitive systems, and preventing data loss
What is a BMS
building management system - is a centralized control system that monitors and manages the mechanical, electrical, and electromechanical services within a building. It is used to optimize building performance, improve energy efficiency, and ensure occupant comfort and safety.
What is an FCU and how does it work?
fan coilt- 2 pipe or 4 pipe, heats and cools a building. Water is pumped through, there are fans which heat or cool the water to provide heating or cooling. EPIC valves allow for better regulation of water flow, making them more energy efficient by combining pressure-independent operation and integral control. It simplifies installation, reduces maintenance, and enhances occupant comfort, making it ideal for modern HVAC systems.
What is the fire evacuation strategy in one of your buildings?
Bloombger. Phased evacuation, if smok/fire is detected on the floors, then that floor and two floors above are evacuated, then floor by floor until everyone is evacuated
What is a double knock fire system?
two layers of detection, both independent of each other, used to minise false alarsm and ensure suppression is deployed only when a fire is verfie- both go off. Useful in comms rooms
What is the difference between a simultaneous evacuation and phased evacuation?
simultaneous is once a fire alarm goes off the whole beuilding is evacuated, phased is when not everyone is evacuted straight away
Give some examples of passive fire protection?
“Passive Fire Protection is essential for containing fires, protecting structures, and ensuring safe evacuation.
assive fire protection refers to built-in measures designed to contain fires, slow their spread, and protect building occupants and structures without requiring any manual or automatic activation
Key Features of Passive Fire Protection:
Containment:
PFP systems aim to compartmentalize the fire by using fire-resistant walls, floors, and doors, preventing its spread to other areas.
No Activation Required:
Passive fire protection measures are always in place and do not require any external action or power source to function.
Fire-Resistant Materials:
Utilizes materials designed to withstand fire for a specified period (e.g., fire-rated concrete, steel, or intumescent coatings).
Examples of Passive Fire Protection:
Fire-Resistant Walls and Floors:
Designed to compartmentalize the building and prevent fire from spreading horizontally or vertically.
Fire Doors:
Fire-rated doors that resist fire and smoke while allowing safe egress.
Fireproof Coatings:
Intumescent paints and fire-resistant coatings applied to structural elements like steel beams to prevent structural failure during a fire.
Fire-Stopping Systems:
Sealing systems (e.g., fire collars, sealants, and barriers) used to block gaps or penetrations in walls, floors, or ceilings.
Structural Integrity:
Design elements, such as reinforced concrete or fire-rated steel, that maintain a building’s stability during a fire.
Benefits of Passive Fire Protection:
Always in Place:
PFP systems work automatically, without requiring activation or intervention.
Slows Fire Spread:
Provides critical time for occupants to evacuate and for firefighters to respond.
Reduces Property Damage:
Prevents fire from spreading to other parts of the building.
Low Maintenance:
Once installed, PFP measures typically require minimal maintenance compared to AFP systems.
Limitations of Passive Fire Protection:
No Fire Fighting Ability:
PFP systems do not extinguish fires; they only contain or slow their spread.
Dependent on Design and Quality Materials:
Effectiveness relies heavily on proper installation and compliance with fire safety standards.
“
Give some exampes of active fire protection
“Active fire protection refers to systems and measures designed to detect, suppress, or extinguish fires. AFP systems require activation (manual or automatic) and often rely on technology or external power sources.
Key Features of Active Fire Protection:
Detection and Suppression:
AFP systems actively detect fires and suppress or extinguish them to protect occupants and property.
Requires Activation:
AFP systems rely on triggers such as heat, smoke, or manual intervention to function.
Fire Fighting Capability:
AFP systems are designed to actively combat fires and limit damage.
Examples of Active Fire Protection:
Fire Alarms:
Smoke detectors, heat detectors, and alarm systems that alert occupants to evacuate.
Sprinkler Systems:
Automatically activated systems that release water or other extinguishing agents to suppress a fire.
Fire Extinguishers:
Portable devices used manually to extinguish small fires.
Gas Suppression Systems:
Systems that release inert gases (e.g., FM-200 or CO₂) to suppress fires in sensitive environments like data centers.
Fire Hose Reels:
Installed hoses connected to the building’s water supply for manual firefighting.
Benefits of Active Fire Protection:
Extinguishes Fires:
AFP systems actively suppress or extinguish fires, reducing damage and risk.
Early Detection:
Fire alarms and detectors provide early warning, allowing quicker evacuation and response.
Versatile Applications:
AFP systems can be tailored to specific environments (e.g., gas suppression for server rooms or sprinklers for general areas).
Limitations of Active Fire Protection:
Requires Activation:
AFP systems rely on triggers, and incorrect installation or failure to activate may reduce effectiveness.
Ongoing Maintenance:
Regular testing and servicing are required to ensure AFP systems function correctly when needed.
May Cause Secondary Damage:
Suppression systems like sprinklers or extinguishers may cause water or chemical damage to property.”
What are some strategies for reducing noise disruption during construction works
OOH work for noisy works
What are temporary works and give some examples
scaffolding, access towers, temp staircases, temp roads, hoarding
Where would temporary works be detailed within the contract
“Contractor’s Design Portion (CDP)
If the contractor is responsible for designing and executing temporary works, these would fall under the Contractor’s Design Portion (CDP).
Temporary works design and execution must comply with the agreed specifications and requirements detailed in the Employer’s Requirements.
Typically, temporary works would be addressed in the Schedule of Contractor’s Design (if included in the contract).
2. Specification and Drawings
Temporary works are often described in the Specification or Contract Drawings provided by the employer as part of the contract documents.
These documents may include requirements for specific temporary works, such as:
Scaffolding
Propping
Shoring
Access systems
Cofferdams or excavation supports
The contractor must comply with these specifications when planning and executing temporary works.
3. Contractor’s Responsibility
The contractor is typically responsible for all means and methods of construction, including temporary works, under the JCT contract.
This responsibility is outlined in:
Clause 2.1 (Contractor’s Obligations): The contractor must carry out and complete the works in accordance with the contract documents, which include any requirements for temporary works.
Clause 3.1 (Contractor’s Design Responsibility): If temporary works involve design by the contractor, they must adhere to the contractual design obligations.
4. Temporary Works Design
Temporary works design may need to be submitted to the Employer or Contract Administrator for approval, depending on the contract provisions.
Submission requirements (e.g., drawings, calculations) are typically outlined in the Employer’s Requirements or Schedule of Contractor’s Design.
5. Health and Safety
Temporary works must comply with health and safety regulations, which are indirectly referenced in the JCT contract:
Clause 2.35 (Compliance with Statutory Requirements): The contractor must comply with all applicable laws, including health and safety regulations such as the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015).
Temporary works are often critical for ensuring site safety, and their design and execution must follow the CDM regulations.
6. Responsibility for Risk
Temporary works are typically considered the contractor’s risk under the JCT contract unless explicitly stated otherwise.
Relevant clauses include:
Clause 6.1 (Contractor’s Indemnity): The contractor indemnifies the employer against risks associated with the works, which include temporary works.
Clause 5.1–5.7 (Insurance for the Works): Temporary works may be covered under the contractor’s insurance for the execution of the works.
7. Site Logistics
Temporary works related to site logistics (e.g., access roads, scaffolding, or site accommodation) may be included in the Employer’s Requirements for design and construction.
These are detailed in the Preliminaries section of the contract documents, which outline general requirements for site operations.
8. Contractor’s Programme
Temporary works may be factored into the Contractor’s Programme, which details how the contractor intends to execute the works.
The employer or contract administrator may require the contractor to include temporary works in their construction schedule to ensure proper coordination.
9. Variations
If temporary works not originally specified in the contract become necessary, they may be introduced as variations under:
Clause 5.2 (Changes to Works): The employer or contract administrator may instruct additional temporary works.
Clause 5.6 (Valuation of Variations): Costs for additional temporary works would be valued and reimbursed according to the contract.
10. Subcontractor Involvement
If temporary works are carried out by subcontractors, responsibilities may be detailed in:
Clause 3.7 (Subcontracting): The contractor remains responsible for subcontracted temporary works unless agreed otherwise.
11. Quality and Inspection
Temporary works may need to meet specified quality standards outlined in the Employer’s Requirements or Specification.
Inspections of temporary works may be required to verify compliance before continuing with permanent works.
Summary
In a JCT contract, temporary works are not explicitly labeled as a separate section but are addressed through various parts of the contract, including:
Employer’s Requirements or Specification: Details the specific needs for temporary works.
Contractor’s Obligations (Clause 2.1): Places the responsibility for temporary works on the contractor.
Contractor’s Design Portion (CDP): Addresses design responsibility for temporary works if applicable.
Health and Safety Compliance: Ensures temporary works meet statutory requirements.
Preliminaries: Includes logistical requirements, site setup, and temporary works provisions.
Variations: Allows for additional temporary works to be instructed and valued.
Temporary works are generally considered part of the contractor’s responsibility unless explicitly stated otherwise in the contract documents.”
Why do cranes have lights on the jib even when they are not in use
make them visible, warning lights, aviation obstruction lights
What are the pros and cons of use a carpet floor finish over a solid floor
acoustic benefis, help the space feel warmer- may be better for neurodiversity
Example of sustainable technology
“EPIC valves
Wind Turbines:
Convert wind energy into electricity, similar to solar panels, with minimal environmental impact.
Rainwater Harvesting Systems:
Capture and reuse rainwater for irrigation or domestic use, reducing water consumption.
Green Building Materials:
Use of materials like recycled steel, bamboo, or carbon-neutral concrete to reduce the environmental impact of construction.
Electric Vehicles (EVs):
Powered by renewable energy sources, EVs reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional internal combustion engine vehicles.
Smart Grids:
Optimize electricity distribution and integrate renewable energy sources into the grid efficiently.”
Examples of HVAC
“Split HVAC System
Description:
A split system consists of two main units:
Indoor Unit: Contains the evaporator coil and air handler.
Outdoor Unit: Contains the compressor and condenser coil.
Commonly used for cooling and heating individual rooms or zones.
Applications:
Residential homes.
Small commercial spaces.
Example:
A ductless mini-split system installed in a home for efficient heating and cooling.
2. Packaged HVAC System
Description:
All components (compressor, condenser, evaporator, and air handler) are combined into a single unit.
Typically installed outside the building (on rooftops or ground level).
Applications:
Small commercial buildings.
Homes with limited space for indoor units.
Example:
Packaged rooftop HVAC units used in small office buildings.
3. Central HVAC System
Description:
A centralized system that conditions air for the entire building.
Uses ducts to distribute conditioned air to multiple spaces.
Includes heating (furnace or boiler), cooling (air conditioner or chiller), and ventilation components.
Applications:
Large residential buildings.
Hotels.
Office buildings.
Example:
A central air conditioning system in a hotel providing uniform cooling throughout all rooms.
4. Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) System
Description:
A highly efficient system where refrigerant is circulated to multiple indoor units, allowing simultaneous heating and cooling.
Ideal for zoned temperature control.
Applications:
Commercial buildings.
Multi-family residences.
Healthcare facilities.
Example:
A VRF system in an office building where different zones can have independent temperature settings.”
What are the typial pre-construction surveys on your projects?
What is a point cloud survey?
What is the difference between licensed and non-licensed asbestos?
Steel vs Concrete
What are the Approved Documents?
“Part A: Structure
Ensures buildings are structurally safe and stable.
Covers standards for foundations, walls, roofs, and building loads (e.g., wind, snow, or weight of occupants).
Part B: Fire Safety
Volume 1: Covers fire safety in dwellings (e.g., houses and flats).
Volume 2: Covers fire safety in non-domestic buildings (e.g., offices, shops, and schools).
Includes guidance on fire resistance, means of escape, fire alarms, and sprinklers.
Part C: Site Preparation and Resistance to Contaminants and Moisture
Ensures buildings are protected from moisture, flooding, and contaminants (e.g., radon gas or harmful chemicals in the ground).
Part D: Toxic Substances
Focuses on preventing exposure to toxic substances, such as materials that may release harmful fumes (e.g., asbestos).
Part E: Resistance to the Passage of Sound
Addresses sound insulation in buildings to reduce noise transmission between dwellings and within buildings (e.g., separating floors and walls).
Part F: Ventilation
Ensures adequate ventilation for health and comfort.
Covers mechanical ventilation systems, natural ventilation, and air quality.
Part G: Sanitation, Hot Water Safety, and Water Efficiency
Provides guidance on toilets, bathrooms, hot water systems, and water-saving measures.
Part H: Drainage and Waste Disposal
Covers systems for drainage, sewage, waste disposal, and rainwater management.
Part J: Combustion Appliances and Fuel Storage Systems
Deals with the safety of heating appliances (e.g., boilers, wood burners) and associated fuel storage systems.
Part K: Protection from Falling, Collision, and Impact
Ensures buildings minimize risks of falling or injury (e.g., guidance on stairs, balustrades, and glazing).
Part L: Conservation of Fuel and Power
Focuses on energy efficiency in buildings.
Covers insulation, heating systems, lighting, and renewable energy technologies.
Part M: Access to and Use of Buildings
Ensures buildings are accessible and usable by everyone, including disabled people.
Covers entrances, lifts, ramps, door widths, and sanitary facilities.
Part P: Electrical Safety
Provides guidance on safe electrical installations in dwellings.
Part Q: Security in Dwellings
Ensures dwellings are designed to resist unauthorized access (e.g., secure doors and windows).
Part R: Physical Infrastructure for High-Speed Electronic Communications Networks
Ensures buildings are equipped to support high-speed broadband and digital connectivity.
Part S: Infrastructure for the Charging of Electric Vehicles (Introduced in June 2022)
Provides guidance on installing electric vehicle charging points in residential and non-residential buildings.
Part 7: Materials and Workmanship
Ensures buildings are constructed using appropriate materials and workmanship standards.”
Types of fire suppression in a comms room
gas suppresion, as water could cause an electrical fire
issues with sprinklers
“accidentaal discharge
flase alarms
delay in activation
“
What is the Equality Act 2010
Pre vs post tension concrete
How would you assess the impact of a client design change on one of your projects?
How would you ensure that the works have been constructed in accordance with the drawings?
What are some different types of foundations
strip, pad , raft, piled
What are the three main types of basement waterproofing
“Type A: Barrier Protection (Tanked System)
Type A waterproofing involves the application of a barrier to prevent water from entering the basement. This method relies entirely on the waterproofing material to resist water ingress.
Key Features:
A physical barrier is applied externally, internally, or sandwiched within the construction (e.g., between concrete layers).
Suitable for basements where external water pressure is present (e.g., groundwater).
Common Materials:
Cementitious coatings: Applied directly to walls and floors to create a watertight layer.
Bituminous membranes: Used externally to create a waterproof barrier.
Liquid-applied membranes: Flexible coatings applied to surfaces.
Sheet membranes: Prefabricated waterproof sheets.
Advantages:
Creates a complete watertight seal.
Effective for areas with high hydrostatic pressure (e.g., groundwater).
Disadvantages:
If damaged, repairs can be invasive and difficult, especially for external systems.
Requires expert design and installation to ensure effectiveness.
Applications:
Basements below the water table where groundwater ingress is expected.
Structures requiring high levels of waterproofing integrity.
2. Type B: Structurally Integral Protection
Type B waterproofing relies on the structure itself (e.g., reinforced concrete) to resist water ingress, with the concrete designed to be watertight.
Key Features:
The concrete is made dense and impermeable using additives or special construction techniques.
No additional membrane or coating is required; the structure itself forms the waterproofing system.
Common Methods:
Waterproof concrete: Uses admixtures (e.g., crystalline waterproofing agents) to reduce permeability.
Joint sealing systems: Prevents water ingress at construction joints (e.g., water bars or hydrophilic strips).
High-quality reinforced concrete: Designed to resist cracking and water penetration.
Advantages:
Low maintenance, as the structure itself provides protection.
Durable and long-lasting.
Reduces reliance on external membranes or coatings.
Disadvantages:
Requires precise design and construction to ensure structural integrity and waterproofing.
Vulnerable at construction joints if not properly sealed.
Applications:
Basements requiring moderate protection against water ingress.
Structures with minimal groundwater pressure.
3. Type C: Drained Protection (Cavity Drain System)
Type C waterproofing involves the use of a drainage system to manage water ingress by collecting and redirecting it away from the basement.
Key Features:
Water is allowed to enter the structure but is managed through drainage channels and sump pumps.
A cavity drain membrane is installed on the walls and floors to create a void for water to flow into the drainage system.
Common Components:
Cavity drain membranes: Plastic studded membranes fixed to walls and floors to create air gaps for water movement.
Drainage channels: Installed at the base of walls to collect water.
Sump pumps: Used to remove water from the basement.
Advantages:
Effective even if the structure itself is not watertight.
Easier to repair and maintain compared to Type A systems.
Provides a secondary layer of protection.
Disadvantages:
Requires ongoing maintenance of pumps and drainage systems.
Relies on mechanical systems, which can fail during power outages.
Applications:
Basements in areas with low to moderate groundwater pressure.
Retrofitting existing basements where external waterproofing is impractical.”
What is the overarching legislation for the Building Regulations?
The Building Act 1984 is the primary legislation governing Building Regulations, providing the legal framework for ensuring that building work meets health, safety, accessibility, and sustainability standards. The Act empowers the creation, enforcement, and updating of Building Regulations to adapt to evolving industry practices and societal needs.
”* You say in your submission the project went from a shell and core to a cat B in 2017. what would you expect to see different from a shell and core and CAT b.”
”* You say you are aware of the RIBA plan of work 2020; why are the key changes. “
”* On your BDO project you say your client needed highly rated sound absorption. Can you explain how the level of sound absorption was met.”
You refer to a refurbishment of a bank. What typical surveys are needed before undertaking a refurbishment to validate design.
- You mentioned understanding different construction methods and structural frames. Could you explain how you would determine which structural frame is most suitable for a high-rise office building compared to a retail space?
How did you determine that additional acoustic panels were necessary to meet the sound absorption requirements? What methods or tools did you use to assess this?
- How did the small goods lift and onsite constraints influence your design briefing?
- Can you explain why recycled raised access flooring was the most appropriate solution for the Bloomberg project?
How did you balance cost, quality, and sustainability when recommending this option to the client?
What challenges might arise when using recycled construction materials, and how would you mitigate them?
How do you balance tight construction programmes with the need for quality assurance and defect resolution?
What challenges have you faced when transitioning between RIBA stages, particularly from Stage 3 to Stage 4?
What is the NR ratin for pods in BDO
How do you stay updated on changes in legislation, building regulations, and advancements in construction technology?
