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FE ELECTRICAL > Computer Network Systems > Flashcards

Computer Network Systems Flashcards

1
Q

hardware

A

equipment and devices that perform

  • data preparation, input, computation, and control
  • primary and secondary data storage
  • output functions
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2
Q

software

A
  • programs that use hardware to perform functions
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3
Q

Evolution of Computer Hardware

A

1st gen: electromechanical calculators
2nd gen: vacuum tube computers
3rd gen: transistor computers
4th gen: integrated circuit computers
5th gen: very large-scale integration (VLSI) computers
6th gen: parallel processing, artificial intelligence (speculative)

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4
Q

Computer architecture

A
  • the structure and organization of a computer’s hardware
  • comprises three main parts:
  • -> central processing unit (CPU)
  • -> main memory and external memory
  • -> input and output devices
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5
Q

mircocomputers

A
  • small, generally single-use computers

- lack extensive peripherals and storage

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6
Q

minicomputers

A
  • larger than microcomputers
  • dedicated to data processing at a single site
  • may support multiple terminals and many peripherals
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7
Q

mainframes

A
  • used for large centralized data processing

- can have many programs running simultaneously

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8
Q

supercomputers

A
  • powerful computers

- used for specific data analysis and engineering design

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9
Q

microprocessors

A

a CPU on a single chip which controls the flow of data between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices

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10
Q

components of microprocessor

A
  1. control unit
  2. arithmetic logic unit
  3. accumulators
  4. registers and stack
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11
Q

control unit

A
  • performs the fetch and execute of each instruction from memory
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12
Q

fetch

A
  • reads the next instruction from memory and translates it into a series of executable steps
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13
Q

execute

A

manages the execution of these steps, potentially involving

  • -> data flow control: moving data between registers, memory and I/O devices
  • -> data manipulation: arithmetic and logic operations
  • -> branching: program flow control
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14
Q

arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

A
  • performs computational and logical operations on the data as dictated by the control unit
  • uses accumulators, registers, and stacks
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15
Q

accumulators

A
  • hold data and instructions for further manipulation by the ALU
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16
Q

stacks

A
  • provide temporary data storage in sequential order, usually “last in, first out”
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17
Q

registers

A

used for temporary storage of instructions of data
special registers:
–> program counter: always points to the address of the next instruction
instruction register:
–> holds the current instruction during execution

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18
Q

microprocessor communications

A
  • communicates with support chips and other peripherals through connections in a bus or channel

a bus is the physical path that the signal travels along, such as wires or circuit board traces

A channel is a logical path

buses have various functions:

  • system bus
  • address bus
  • data bus
  • control bus
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19
Q

system bus

A

incorporates the address bus, data bus, and control bus

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20
Q

address bus

A

transmits the location in memory that is being read from or written to

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21
Q

data bus

A
  • transmits the actual data being sent between CPU, memory, I/O devices
    –> types of data buses:
    frontside data bus
    backside data bus
    I/O dedicated data bus
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22
Q

control bus

A

communicates control and status information to initiate and terminate read/write operations, enable chips, and signal bus/available status

transmission includes:

  • handshaking signals
  • flags
  • interrupts
  • timing strobe
  • clock signals
23
Q

fetch step

A

i/o device or main memory chip select and data flow direction are loaded onto the control bus
i/o device port number or memory location within a memory chip is loaded onto the address bus
operation to be performed (op-code) is loaded onto the data bus

24
Q

execute step

A
  • CPU reads and decodes the instruction from the data bus.

- cycle continually repeats

25
Q

bit-slice microprocessor

A

a combination of microprocessors using control sequencing circuitry

  • -> each processor handles a bit field (slice) of the operand
  • -> for example, two 64-bit microprocessors may be combined into a 128 bit slice microprocessor
26
Q

clock

A
  • used to control instruction and data movement
27
Q

clock- rate

A

specified in microprocessor cycles per second, which is the number of instructions the microprocessor can ideally execute per second

28
Q

command set

A

the set of commands understandable and executable by the microprocessor
- complex instruction set computer (CISC)
has a large, rich command set
- reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
faster but limited to a simpler and more standardized command set

29
Q

operating system (os)

A

user interface and control of the basic operations of a computer

  • controls the computer
  • provides the environment for application programs
  • manages memory
  • schedules processing operations
  • accesses peripheral devices
  • communicates with user/operator
  • resolves conflicting requirements for resources
  • is stored in read-only memory (ROM)
30
Q

interrupt

A

a signal sent from peripheral or other part of the computer (hardware and software) that causes the processor to

  • suspend and save its current state
  • stop execution of current instruction
  • transfer control to another memory location subroutine or program

Common reasons for interrupt signal include:

  • division by zero
  • overflow and underflow
  • syntax errors
31
Q

polling

A
  • an alternative to use interrupts
  • CPU periodically checks each peripheral device
  • less efficient than using interrupts because it uses processor capcaity
32
Q

computer memory

A

consists of many storage locations equal in size, each of which has an associated address
contents of a location may change but its address does not

33
Q

bit (binary digit)

A

the smallest changeable data unit, either a one or a zero (abbreviated a lowercase b)

34
Q

nibble

A

4 bits in length

35
Q

byte

A

8 bits in length (abbreviated as capital B)

36
Q

video memory (VRAM)

A

contains the text displayed on the screen

  • screen refreshed many times per second
  • repeatedly read from video memory
37
Q

cache memory

A
  • holds the most frequently read data in memory (faster than accessing from disk or main memory)
38
Q

OS memory

A

contains the basic input/output system (BIOS) that is read when the computer is first started

39
Q

scratchpad memory

A

high-speed memory used to store a small amount of data temporarily so that it can be retrieved quickly

40
Q

random access memory (RAM)

A
  • storage for data that is easily changed and volatile (erased when power is off)
  • can be dynamic (DRAM) or static
41
Q

synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)

A

can run at faster clock speeds

42
Q

read-only memory (ROM)

A
  • Used for storing nonvolatile data that cannot be altered (firmware)
43
Q

Programmable read-only memory (PROM)

A
  • initially blank
  • an be written to
  • once written to, cannot be changed
  • used for storing non volatile data
44
Q

erasable programmable read-only memory (EPFROM)

A
  • initially blank
  • can be filled, erased, and refilled repeatedly
  • used for storing nonvolatile data
45
Q

electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM)

A

class of PROM that can be erased with an electric charge, similar to flash memory

46
Q

Virtual memory or virtual storage (VS)

A

for programs larger than main memor`y

47
Q

direct memory access (DMA)

A

I/O technique that allows peripheral to transfer data without use of CPU

48
Q

parity

A

technique used to ensure that the bits within a memory byte are correct

  • for every 8 data bits, there is a ninth bit – the parity bit – that serves as a check bit
  • when data are read, the nine bits are checked to ensure the validity of the data
49
Q

even parity

A

there are an even number of 1’s

50
Q

odd parity

A

there are and odd number of 1’s

51
Q

input/output devices

A
  • devices that feed data to or receive data from the computer
    -also called peripherals
    common types:
  • printers
  • scanners
  • webcams
  • modems
  • disk drives
52
Q

transmission speed (baud rate)

A

number of bits that pass through a data line per second in bits per second (bps)

53
Q

Serial interface

A
  • bits transmitted one ata time along a single line in cable

FE ELECTRICAL (17 decks)

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