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FE ELECTRICAL > Circuit Analysis and Linear Systems, Part I > Flashcards

Circuit Analysis and Linear Systems, Part I Flashcards

1
Q

circuit model

A

a representation of circuit device made up of ideal circuit elements

  • A real circuit does not behave as an ideal linear device but it can be approximated as one or more ideal to produce a mathematical model
  • a mathematical model is used to predict the behavior of the circuit with acceptable accuracy for practical applications
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2
Q

Kirchoff’s Laws

A
  • fundamental concepts about circuits

- needed for loop and nodal analysis

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3
Q

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

A

KVL is about conservation of force

  • for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
  • a voltage source exerts force to move electrons
  • the sum of the response forces must equal the source
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4
Q

DC Circuits

A
  • a voltage source moves electrons in one direction
  • the circuit components react to the force in such a way that the electron completes the circuit with no energy, to be accelerated again by the voltage source
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5
Q

AC Circuits

A
  • A voltage source moves electrons back and forth
  • The effect of the force transfers through the circuit, and the circuit components react in the same way with a DC Circuit
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6
Q

voltage divider

A

works on the principle of an equal and opposite reaction for every action
- voltage sources causes electrons to flow in form of current
- resistors in voltage divider react to force, cause voltage drops
- voltage across resistor 2 is
v2= v (R2/ (R1 + R2))

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7
Q

current divider

A

works on the principle of favoring the path of least resistance
- current is flow of electrons
- flow favors the path of least resistance
-

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8
Q

Joule’s law

A

P= V I = V^2/R = I^2 * R
gives the power P, that is dissipated in
- and individual component with resistance R
- a circuit with an equivalent resistance R

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9
Q

resistive power

A

power in a circuit that is converted to heat

P = dw/ dt = dW/dq dq/dt = V i = i^2 R

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10
Q

loop analysis and node analysis

A

systematic methods for representing circuits as a system of n equations and n unknowns

  • loop current method: determining unknown current
  • node voltage method: determining unknown voltage
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11
Q

loop current circuit analysis

A

1) select one less than the total number of loops (n-1)
2) Assume current directions for the chosen loops
3) Write Kirchoff’s voltage equation around each loop
4) Solve for the current by using the simultaneous equations generated

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12
Q

Node voltage circuit analysis

A
  1. Convert all current sources to voltage sources
  2. Choose one node as reference (usually ground)
  3. Identify unknown voltages at other nodes compared to reference
  4. Write Kirchoff’s current equation for all unknown nodes except reference node
  5. Write all currents in terms of voltage drops
  6. Write all voltage drops in terms of the node voltages
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13
Q

superposition theorem

A

net current is the sum of all currents caused by each current source
net voltage is the sum of the voltages caused by each voltage sum

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14
Q

Thevenin’s theorem

A

a linear, two terminal network with dependent and independent sources can be represented by a Thevenin equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source in series with a resistor

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15
Q

Norton’s theorem

A

A linear, two-terminal network with dependent or independent sources can be represented by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single source current source and resistor in parallel

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16
Q

maximum power transfer theorem

A
  • A circuit is most efficient when the maximum power available from a source is transferred to a load resistance RL
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17
Q

Maximum power transfer theorem

A

the power transfererred to RL is maximized when the derivative of the load power function taken with respect to RL equals zero

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18
Q

two-port equivalent circuit models

A
  • Linear or piecewise linear three- or four terminal devices such as transformers and transistors can be modeled as two-port networks
  • A two-port network may be represented by equivalent circuit using a set of two-port parameters, regardless of how the network is actually wired
  • commonly used parameters are impedance, admittance, and hybrid parameters
19
Q

impedance model

A

represents input voltage and output current as functions of input current and output voltage
The network is modeled as
- an input impedance in series with a dependent voltage source and
-an output admittance in parallel with a dependent current source

20
Q

admittance model

A

represents input and output currents as functions of input and output voltages
The network is modeled as
- an input admittance in parallel with a dependent current source, and
- an output admittance in parallel with a dependent current source

21
Q

two-port hybrid model

A

represents the input voltage and output current as functions of the input current and output voltage

The network is modeled as

  • an input impedance in series with a dependent voltage source, and
  • an output admittance in parallel with a dependent current source
22
Q

sinusoid

A

waveform simlilar to sine function
may be shifted to left or right
frequency, f of sinusoid is reciprocal of period T
angular frequency w, is frequency expressed in radians per second

23
Q

phase shift

A
  • difference between peaks of sinusoids for voltage and current
  • due to capacitors and inductors in circuit
24
Q

phase angle

A
  • magnitude of phase shift (in radians)

- by convention, voltage taken as reference

25
Q

phasor

A

graphically represents a cosine wave as a line in the complex plane

contains all the information contained in the time domain diagram of the waveform

presents this information in a form that makes it easier to calculate the real and reactive power in the system

especially useful for three-phase systems

26
Q

waveform analysis

A

many characteristics of periodic waveforms can be used to determine other characteristics of the system

  • average value relates to the charge exchanged by the waveform
  • root-mean-square (rms) values relate to the power of the waveform
  • Frequency and wavelength of periodic waveforms are inversely related
  • phase gives a time comparison of that waveform to the rest of the system, usually as compared with a reference waveform
27
Q

effective value

A
  • a single voltage value that characterizes an alternating waveform for use in power calculations
  • equivalent to DC voltage with same heating effect
  • also called root-mean-square value or rms value
28
Q

impedance, Z

A
  • describes the combined effect circuit elements have on current magnitude and phase
  • units of ohms
  • a complex quantity with a magnitude and an angle
  • usually written in polar form
29
Q

series AC circuit

A

consists of circuit elements connected along single path

  • the same current flows through all elements
  • the voltage drop across each element is found from Ohm’s law (all calculations are complex algebra)
  • Kirchoff’s voltage law applies to AC circuits (also with complex algebra)
  • Loop analysis can be used for simple stead-state series AC circuits
30
Q

series RL circuit

A
  • consists only of resistors and inductors in series

- magnitude and phase of impedance found from complex algebra

31
Q

series RC circuit

A
  • consists only of resistors and capacitors

- magnitude and phase of impedance found from complex algebra

32
Q

parallel AC circuit

A

consists of circuit elements connected so that the same voltage appears simultaneously across all elements

  • the current through each element can be found from Ohm’s law (all calculations are complex algebra)
  • Kirchhoff’s current law applies
  • Nodal analysis can be used for simple steady-state parallel AC circuits
  • It is convenient to convert all known circuit element impedances to rectangular admittance form
33
Q

parallel RL circuit

A
  • consists only of resistors and inductors in parallel

- magnitude and phase of admittance found from complex algebra

34
Q

parallel RC circuit

A
  • consists only of resistors and capacitors in parallel

- magnitude and phase of admittance found from complex algebra

35
Q

GLC circuit

A
  • is in parallel RLC circuit
  • consists of capacitors, inductors, and resistors in parallel
  • can be lagging or leading
36
Q

transient behavior

A
  • process of changing to a new steady state after a change in configuration of circuit
  • observed when sources or components are added or removed from a circuit
37
Q

first-order circuit

A

contains one energy-storing component: one capacitor or one inductor

38
Q

bandwidth

A

range of frequencies between the half-power points in a circuit or signal

39
Q

half-power points

A

points where the power is half that of the power at the peak

40
Q

resonant circuit

A
  • at some frequency, called resonant frequency, inductive reactance and capacitance reactance exactly cancel
  • at resonant frequency, the circuit is purely resistive
  • Circuits can become resonant when frequency is adjusted, circuit elements are adjusted so that inductive reactance cancels capacitive reactance
41
Q

parallel resonance

A

also known as band reject filter

42
Q

mathematical transforms

A

used to analyze time functions by converting them to the frequency domain

43
Q

laplace transforms

A

used for electronic circuits and control systems

FE ELECTRICAL (17 decks)

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