Comptia A+ exam reivision Flashcards
1
Q
How to install a battery on a laptop
A
- Removing the battery storage bay
- Removing the old battery from the bay
- Inserting the new battery into the bay and replacing the bay
- Determining the battery type for the replacement
2
Q
How to install a keyboard on a laptop Step 1
A
Laptop fully powered off and unplugged from the wall
Remove the battery
Examine the screws on back of laptop
Choose appropriate equipment to remove screws, can check laptop model online
3
Q
How to install a keyboard on a laptop Step 2
A
Remove the screws with a T-8 or Phillips-head screwdriver
With the laptop turned back over, open it
If keyboard is tucked under any plastic pieces, remove those pieces that have screws
4
Q
How to install a keyboard on a laptop Step 3
A
With plastic cover gone, remove any screws at the top and remove the keyboard itself
Should be a thin, but wide data cable to the system board at the bottom, be careful with it
5
Q
How to install a keyboard on a laptop Step 4
A
Lift the plastic connectors that holds this data cable in place
Remove data cable
Take new keyboard and slip the data cable back in between the plastic connectors on the system board
6
Q
How to install a keyboard on a laptop Step 5
A
Put the plastic connector back into place and make sure it’s holding the data cable in
Position the keyboard into place and refasten the keyboard in place at the top
Replacing any screws that were there before.
7
Q
How to install a keyboard on a laptop Step 6
A
Replace any plastic pieces that were covering the keyboard
turn the laptop over
replace all of the keyboard screws
When you replace the battery and turn it on, check the functionality
8
Q
How to install wireless cards Step 1
A
you would open the same panel that holds the memory
Once you’ve found either type of wireless card, disconnect the two antenna contacts from the card
9
Q
How to install wireless cards Step 2
A
pull by the connector itself
Remove any screws from the wireless card and gently pull out the card from the slot
10
Q
How to install wireless cards Step 3
A
Insert the replacement card into the slot at a 45-degree angle, replace the screws, and reconnect the antenna to the adapter.
11
Q
Describe LCD(liquid crystal display)
A
Default display type for both laptops and desktops
One or more small fluorescent tubes are used to backlight the screen for better viewing
12
Q
What are the major types of LCDs
A
Active matrix screens and passive matrix screens
13
Q
Describe passive matrix
A
uses a row of transistors across the top of the screen and a column of them down the side
sends pulses to each pixel at the intersection of each row and column combination and tells it what to display
14
Q
Describe active matrix
A
An active matrix screen uses a separate transistor for each individual pixel in the display
15
Q
Describe further features of passive matrix
A
becoming obsolete
less bright and poorer refresh rates
shittier image quality
Less power usage
16
Q
Describe further features of active matrix
A
screens use more power
Almost all notebook PCs today use active matrix
higher refresh rates(compared to passive matrix)
brighter display quality.
17
Q
Describe IPS(in plane switching)
A
a newer technology
better quality at angles other than straight on
better colour quality
slower response time
more expensive
18
Q
Describe TN(twisted nematic)
A
older of the two major technologies for flat-panel displays
the shortest response time
high brightness
draws less power
poor quality when viewed from wide angles
suffers color distortions when viewed from above or from the sides.
19
Q
Describe Vertical alignment (VA)
A
similar to TN and IPS, offers wider viewing angles and better quality but slower response times
20
Q
Describe OLED(organic light emitting diode)
A
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is another type of LED technology
uses an emissive electroluminescent layer of organic compounds that emit light in response to an electric current
21
Q
Features of OLED
A
their flexibility and transparency.
means they can roll up for storage (like a mat), and you can see through the display to objects behind the display
22
Q
Describe Webcam
A
Are emdded in laptops or physically connected to computers
can capture still images or videoo
Can transmit video to the internet or save content locally
23
Q
Describe microphone
A
Embedded in case- typically embedded somewhere within the exterior casing, location depends on the make and model
24
Q
Describe digitizer/touchscreen
A
Digitizers read pressure applied to the surface of the display and are what make touchscreens work
25
Features of digitizer/touchscreen
In some cases, they work with a stylus or small pen-like device
or touch screen with finger
is a thin piece of clear material that fits on top of the display
26
Describe inverter
a component that takes DC power and converts it to an AC form that can be used by the LCD screen.
It is implemented as a circuit board that is located behind the LCD.
27
Features of inverter
If problems with flickering display or dimness occur, the inverter is a prime suspect.
28
Describe USB 1.1
Offers low and high speed version
29
Describe USB 1.1 low speed version
1.5 megabits per second
| 3 metres in length
30
Describe USB 1.1 high speed version
12 megabits per second
| 5 meter length
31
What can USB(universal serial bus) be used for
External storage devices
Webcams
Mouse and keyboard
Printers
32
Describe Universal serial Bus 2.0
Improved performance
480 megabits per second
5 metre length
33
Describe USB 1.1 and USB 2.0 connectors
Standard-A plug, the end that was inserted into your computer
Standard-B plug, inserted into the peripheral device, found mostly on printers
34
Describe Mini-B plug and Micro-B plug
both mainly used on smaller devices where space was limited, such as a digital camera
35
Describe Universal Serial Bus 3.0
5 gigabits per second
| Approximately 3 meter length
36
Describe Universal serial bus 3.0 connectors
weren't any different to the previous generation expect faster with interior plastic lining that was blue
37
Name universal serial bus 3.0 connectors
USB 3.0 standard- B plug
USB 3.0 standard-A plug
USB 3.0 micro-B plug- shaped physically differently
38
Describe Universal Serial Bus 3.1
Superspeed +
10 Gbps
Type A or USB-C(used)
39
Describe Universal serial bus 3.2
Newest devices
10 Gbps or 20Gbps
USB-C(used)
40
Describe USB-C connector
24 pins
Double sided- upside down plug dosne't matter, can be plugged in either way
uses the same connector on both the host and the device ends, doesn't matter either
41
Features of the lighting cable
Proprietary to Apple products
Used for charging and data transfer
Contains 8 pins per side
Can be inserted face up or dooown
42
Why is lighting cable better than Micro USB
Delivers Higher power
Better durability
Simpler to connect
43
Describe NFC(Near field communication)
```
No pairing
No device discovery
Instant communication
Data sharing
Short distance
Radio-frequency identification
```
44
Describe touch pens
Pen shaped instrument
Specifically manufactured tips
Conductive and resistive stylus
45
Describe headsets
Hands-free audio-
Wired headsets, draw power from mobile device
Wireless headsets- uses bluetooth to connect
used to listen too music
46
Describe speakers
Battery powered
Bluetooth connection
Stereo sound
External speakers
47
Describe docking station
let you quickly connect/disconnect with external peripherals and may also provide extra ports that the notebook PC doesn’t normally have.
48
key features of docking stations
```
Extra connectors
USB
HDMI
VGA
ETHERNET
```
49
Describe cold docking
The laptop must be turned off and back on for the change to be recognized.
50
Describe warm docking
The laptop must be put in and out of suspended mode for the change to be recognized.
51
Describe hot docking
he change can be made and is recognized while running normal operations.
52
key features of port replicator
Similar to docking station
Provides additional functionality to laptops
Smaller, lighter, and more portable than a docking station
53
Name port replicator connections
Parallel
Serial
USB
SCSI
54
describe port replicator
The port replicator connects to the laptop over a parallel or a serial connection, USB, or even SCSI.
55
Describe drawing pads
Drawing surface
specialised drawing pen
Function hot keys
Light and small
56
Describe Wi-Fi antennas
The wireless antenna is located in the display
Antenna wires wrap around the laptop screen, usually at the top
57
Describe DA-15
name indicates 15 pins or sockets arrananged in two rows, one of 8 and one of 7
Most commonly used for gaming controllers, some video outputs
58
Describe DB-25
Communications port
Most used for printer connections, some audio connections and some broadcast video equipment
59
Describe DC-37
```
Used for specific industry equipment such as
aerospace
various industrial instruments
monitors
scanners
defence
healthcare
```
60
Describe DD-50
uses three rows arranged in a 17 by 16 by 17 configuration
Most commonly used for devices that needed much faster data transfer rates than those of a serial port
any kind of SCSI equipment
61
Describe DE9
Communications port
Token ring network interfaces
Some very old video connections
Legacy computer mouse connector
62
Describe Bluetooth
High speed communication over short distances
PAN(personal area network)
Connects our mobile devices
63
Describe hotspot
Turns your phone into a Wi-Fi hotspot
Your own personal wireless router
extend the cellular data network to all of your devices
dependent on phone type and provider, may require additional charges and data cost
64
Describe laptop batteries
the power source when unplugged
Lithium- Ion
Lithium-Ion polymer
(charging the battery dimishes capacity)
Different form factor for each laptop
65
Replacing laptop keys
Delicate procedure
Refer to manufacturer's instructions
66
What does SODIMM stand for
Small outline dual in line memory module
67
Describe laptop storage
Magnetic disk
SSD(solid state drive)
M.2
68
Describe magnetic disk
traditional spinning drive platters
| 2.5 form factors(3.5 inch for desktops)
69
Describe SSD(Solid state drive)
All memory, no moving parts
Silent, fast access time and less latency
2.5 inch form factors
70
Describe M.2
Smaller form factor
No SATA data or power cables
Easy to install and replace
71
Describe GSM(Global system for Mobile communication)
a network of gateways which allow access to the network,
and repeaters and relays which boost signal strength and pass communications along the network.
72
Features of GSM
GSM is globally widely used and available.
GSM supports transmitting data and voice both at once.
Stored in a SIM card.
73
Describe CDMA
Used to provide multiple devices simultaneous access
a form of multiplexing
each device is assigned a code
allows numerous signals on a single transmission channel
74
Features of CDMA
CDMA is available in fewer countries and carriers.
CDMA does not support the feature of transmitting data and voice both at once
Stored in a headset or phone
75
Describe PRL(Preferred Roaming List) updates
Changes to Provider network configuration
Connecting to the right tower
Updating over-the-air
76
Describe PRL process
is a process that ensures that any given mobile device is aware of any changes that have been made to the provider network, such as adding a new tower or decommissioning an old one.
77
Describe hotspot
Turns your phone into a Wi-Fi hotspot
Extend the cellular data network to all of your devices
Extra phone charges may apply
78
Describe 2G
GSM
| DMA
79
Describe 4G(LTE) Long term evolution
```
Based on GSM and EDGE
Standard supports download rates of 150Mbit/s
Converged standard(GSM and CDMA providers)
```
80
Describe 5G
Eventually 10gigabits per seconds
Larger data transfers
additional cloud processing
81
Describe GPS(global positioning system) services
GPS uses standard radio transmissions
received by your mobile device from several satellites
allow your device to determine its geolocation.
82
Features of GPS
Needs at least 4 satellites
determine location based on timing differences(longitude, latitude, altitude)
allows geotracking
83
Describe cellular location services
Device actively calculating current location
Commonly using satellites
Often using a combination of internet connectivity and cellular data
84
How to enable bluetooth(Android mobile devices)
Settings
Connections
Bluetooth
Wait until a check mark next to bluetooth(now enabled)
85
Bluetooth pairing process
```
Enable Bluetooth
Set devices to discoverable mode
Select discovered device
enter or confirm pin
test connectivity
```
86
How to test bluetooth connectivity
Ensure devices are Bluetooth enabled
Reboot devices and connect again
Ensure devices are in range
Try connecting to a known working Bluetooth device
87
How do you enable bluetooth(IOS mobile devices)
Settings
Bluetooth
Tap the slider to enable bluetooth
88
Describe MDM(Mobile device managment)
Optimize the functionality and security of mobile devices
Protect the corporate network
process is effectively exclusive to business or corporate environments.
89
Describe mobile device management features
```
Device configuration
Remote wipe
Password enforcement
Device tracking
data encryption
allow list/blocklist
```
90
Features of MAM(Mobile application management)
Corporate email configuration
Two-factor authentication
Corporate applications
91
Describe Corporate email configuration
User does not need to configure anything
| the MDM makes the changes on the device
92
Describe Two-factor authentication
Requires specific authentication types
| Biometrics, authentication app
93
Describe corporate applications
Allow or restrict app installation
| Prevent unauthorized app usage
94
Describe account setup for Microsoft 365
Microsoft Outlook, Exchange
Authenticate to Microsoft 365(Username, password)
Able to select items to synchronize, (mail, contacts, calendars, reminders, notes)
95
Describe iCloud
Integrated into IOS and Ipad OS
Provide an iCloud username and password
Extensive customization synchronization options
Synchronize to macOS(laptop, desktop and mobile device)
Configure network connections and use of cellular downloads
96
Describe Google Workspace
Similar to process with Microsoft 365, username and password
97
Common data to synchronize
Email
Photos
Calendar
Contacts
98
Describe routers
Routes traffic between IP subnets
Makes forwarding decisions based on IP address
Can be referred to as layer 3 switches
Often connects diverse network types(LAN, WAN, copper, fiber)
99
More information on routers
Connect networks together
Forward data based upon destination UP address
Allow multiple devices to use same internet connection
100
Describe switches
Forwards traffic based on data link address
Has a ASIC(application specific integrated circuit)
may provide PoE
101
More information on switches
Connect devices on a network toogether
Receive and forward data between devices
Are used within a LAN
102
Describe managed switches
Allow more control over traffic
Allow for VLANs to be created
Managed switches are those used in an enterprise network
are managed remotely, using either a command-line interface or in some cases a GUI management interface.
103
Describe unmanaged switches
Allow for more devices to be physically connected to LAN
few configuration options
fixed configuration
very little integration with other devices
cannot be managed remotely
104
Describe access point
Access points (APs) are transmitter and receiver (transceiver) devices used to create a wireless LAN (WLAN)
Extends the wired network onto the wireless network
Makes forwarding decisions based on MAC address
105
Additional information on access point
is typically a separate network device with a built-in antenna, transmitter, and adapter
use the wireless infrastructure network mode to provide a connection point between WLANs and a wired Ethernet LAN
typically have several ports,
106
Describe patch panel
A collection of ports on a panel
Cables are terminated at patch panel
Allow connections from different locations
Patch cables are used to create connections
107
Location of a patch panel
Are often rack mounted
Commonly 1U or 2 U
Centrally located
108
Name patch panel types:
```
Common amount of ports includes
12
24
48
Potentially more
```
109
Name patch panel connectors
```
RJ-45
Subscriber connector(SC)
Lucent Connector(LC)
```
110
Definition of patch panel
A patch panel is a device to which the cables running through the walls from the hosts are connected. Then shorter cables called patch cables run from the patch panel to the switch or hub
111
Describe firewalls
Control inbound and/or outbound network or shoot traffic
Use rules to allow or deny traffic
Are implemented with hardware or software
Can store session state for stateful filtering
can packet filter based upon ports or IP addresses
112
Additional information on firewalls
Filters traffic by port number
Can encrypt traffic into/out of the network
Can proxy traffic
Most firewalls can be layer 3 devices
113
Describe hardware firewalls
Dedicated hardware
Runs specialised software
Placed between your network and an untrusted network
114
Describe software firewalls
Runs on a host
Only as secure as the underlying OS
Controls access per application
Works on a port level
115
Describe Stateful firewalls
inspect contents and state of packets
better at detecting unusual/potentially malicious traffic
able to more intelligently filter traffic based upon context
require more memory and computational power
116
Describe Stateless firewalls
Can be performed quickly
generally cheaper
use preset rules based upon source addresses, destination addresses and ports
unable to determine context
117
Describe Next generation firewall(NGFW)
Looks to provide additional functionality on top of standard firewalls
ability to filter traffic based upon applications
intrusion prevention system detects and prevents attacks
gathers up-to-date threat information from an external source
118
Describe Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Power provided on a ethernet cable
Power provided at the switch(Endspans)
One wire for both network and electricity
119
Describe PoE injectors
A PoE injector is a device that can be used to provide PoE to a device when the switch does not support PoE
120
Describe process of usage of PoE injectors
It plugs into the wall; then a line providing data and PoE is run to the device, and another cable runs to the switch
121
Describe PoE switch
A PoE switch has the Power over Ethernet functionality built into it. This means you can power devices using network cables
A PoE switch provides power that can be used to run other devices via the Ethernet cabling
122
Name PoE standards
- 802.3af
- 802.3at
- 802.3bt
123
Describe - 802.3af
Introduced in 2003
Original PoE standard
Provides 15.4 watts DC power, 350 mA max current
124
Describe - 802.3at
Released in 2009
Provides 25.5 watts DC power, 600mA max current
Also known as PoE+
125
Describe - 802.3bt
```
Released in 2018
Type 3 (51W)
Type 4 (71.3W)
```
126
Describe hub
```
Operate on Level 1 of OSI model
Any received signal is sent to all other ports
Produce more traffic
Simpler and cheaper
Not often used anymore
```
127
Describe active hub
Strength received signal
Can extend range of network
Have a higher power requirement
128
Describe passive hub
Connect computers together on a physical evel
Do not strengthen signal
Will not increase range of network
129
Additional information on hub
used in networks that use twisted-pair cabling to connect devices, and they can be used to join segments into larger networks
directs data packets to all devices connected to it, regardless of whether the data package is destined for the device
130
additional info on passive hub
provide a pathway for the electrical signals to travel along
131
additional info on active hub
providing a path for the data signals
regenerates the signal before it forwards it to all the connected devices
can buffer data before forwarding it.
132
Definition of cable modem
is a hardware device that allows your computer to communicate with an Internet service provider over a landline connection.
It converts an analog signal to a digital signal for the purpose of granting access to broadband Internet.
133
Describe cable modem
Runs over coaxial cables
speeds between 50 Mbps and 1 Gbps
often has a hybrid oof fiber and copper coaxial on backend
134
Describe DSL modem(Digital subscriber line)
Runs over phone lines
speeds highly dependent on distance
commonly available with speeds between 5-100 Mbps
135
Describe ONT (Optical network terminal)
Serves as a termination point for a fiber connection
allows client devices to connect via Ethernet or Wi-FI
More expensive than cable/DSL modem
136
Additional information on ONT
ONT connects to a fiber connection
Cables/DSL modems ultizie copper wires
ONTs are often standalone units
ONTs do not have to modulate or demodulate
137
Describe NIC ( Network interface card)
the fundamental network device(every device on the network has a NIC, computers, phones)
specific to the network type(Ethernet, WAN, wireless)
Often built-in to the motherboard
Many options(single port, multi port, copper fiber)
138
Describe SDN(Software define networking)
```
Separates software from hardware
Allows software to control the network
- Provisioning
- Configuration
- Management
```
139
Describe components of SDN
Applications
Controllers
Physical networking devices
140
Describe applications(SDN)
Software that interfaces with administrators
| Provide information or take requests
141
Describe controllers(SDN)
Take information from an application
| Decide how packets should be routed based upon received information
142
Describe physical networking devices(SDN)
Perform the functions of moving the actual data
Made up of physical switches, routers
Receives commands from a controller
143
Describe 802.11a
Bandwidth up too 54 Mbps
operates in 5GHz frequency range
Less effective penetrating solid objects
Also referred to as Wi-Fi 2
144
Describe 802.11b
Bandwidth up to 11Mbps
2.4ghz frequency
Susceptible to interference
145
Describe 802.11g
```
Emerged in 2002
Draws from 802.11a and 802.11b
Bandwidth up to 54Mbps
2.4Ghz frequency
backward compatible with 802.11b
```
146
Describe 802.11n
Wireless N
Multiple signals and antennas
Better range
Backward compatible with 802.11b/g
147
Describe 802.11ac (WiFi 5)
```
improved bandwidth
Wider channels
Beamforming
Dual-band transmission
No backward compatibility
```
148
Describe 802.11ax (WiFi 6)
```
Dual-band wireless
Bandwidth up to 10Gbps
2.4/5Ghz
Lower power consumption
Better range
```
149
Describe NFC
```
Contactless communication
Common in smartphones and tablets
Devices exchange data automatically
Limited range
Devices must be close
```
150
Pros of NFC
Convenient
Seamless
Broad support
No pairing
151
Cons of NFC
Cost
| Security
152
Describe Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
```
Embedded chip and antenna
Tracking
Automatic identification and data capture(AIDC)
Tags and readers
Active/Passive
Various applications
```
153
Pros of RFID
Global standard
Multiple items
Speed
No line of sight required
154
Cons of RFID
Scanning issues
| Security
155
Definition of RFID
is a wireless, no-contact technology that makes use of NFC technology
. uses radio frequency chips and readers to manage inventory.
chips are placed on individual pieces or pallets of inventory.
RFID readers are placed throughout the location to communicate with the chips.
156
Describe ARPT (RFID)
the active reader transmits signals and receives replies from passive tags
157
Describe ARAT (RFID)
active tags are awoken with signals from the active reader.
158
Describe DNS(Domain name system)
Convert names to IP addresses
Distributed naming system
Usually managed by the ISP or enterprise IT department
Converts names to IP addresses
159
Describe DHCP(Dynamic Host configuration Protocol)
automatic IP address configuration on your local device
Common service, available on most home routers
Multiple DHCP in enterprise
160
Describe file server(fileshare)
centralized storage of documents, videos, pictures and any other files
standard system of file management
Files can be accessed by computers on same network
161
Describe print servers
Connect a printer to the network, provide printing services for all network devices
may be software in a computer, computer connected to the printer through it
may be built in to the printer
uses standard printing protocols(SMB, IPP and LPD)
162
Describe Mail servers
Store your incoming mail and sending outgoing mail
Usually managed by the ISP or the enterprise IT department
use SMTP to send and receive email on behalf of users who possess mailboxes on the server.
users will use a client email protocol to retrieve their email from the server(POP3 or IMAP4)
163
Describe Syslog
Standard for message logging, consolidated log
Usually a central logging receiver(integrated into the SIEM)
Need a lot of disk space
164
Describe Web servers
Respond to browser requests
Uses standard web browsing protocols(HTTP/HTTPS)
Pages are built with HTML, HTML5
Web pages are stored on the server
165
Describe Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)
Connection oriented protocol
Reliable delivery
Flow Control
166
Describe TCP- connection oriented protocol
A formal connection setup and close
167
Describe TCP- reliable delivery
Recovery from errors
Can manage out of order messages or retransmissions
168
Describe TCP- flow control
The receiver can manage how much data is sent
169
Describe User Datagram Protocol(UDP)
Connectionless protocol
Unreliable delivery
No flow control
170
Describe UDP- Connectionless protocol
no formal open or close to the connection
171
Describe UDP- unreliable delivery
no error recovery
no reordering of data or retransmissions
172
Describe UDP- no flow control
sender determines the amount of data transmitted
173
Reasons to use UDP
Real time communication
Connectionless protocols
the data might not get through
174
Describe UDP- Real time communication
there's no way to stop and send the data
| time doesn't stop for your network
175
Describe UDP- Connectionless protocols
Examples:
DHCP
TFTP
176
Describe UDP- the data might not get through
the application keeps track and decides what to do
it might not do anything
177
Reasons to use TCP
Connection oriented protocol
The application doesn't worry about out of order frames or missing data
178
Describe TCP- Connection oriented protocol
Examples
HTTPS
SSH
179
Describe TCP- application doesn't worry about of order frames
TCP handles all the of the communication overhead
the application has one job
180
Describe TCP and UDP
Transported inside of IP
Two ways to move data from place to place
OSI layer 4
Multiplexing
181
Describe IPv4 sockets
Server IP address, protocol, server application port number
Client IP address, protocol, client port number
182
Describe Non-ephemeral ports(permanent port numbers)
ports through 0 - 1023
| usually on a server or service
183
Describe ephemeral ports(temporary port numbers)
ports 1024 through 65 535
| determined in real-time by the client
184
Describe port numbers
TCP and UDP ports can be any number between 0 and 65, 535
Port numbers are for communication, not security
Service port numbers need to be well known
