COMPONENTS OF MATTER AND CHEMICAL BONDING

Question 1

is anything that occupies space and has mass

•Can be classified into pure substances and mixtures

Answer 1

Matter

Question 2

oComposed of a single component (atom or molecule)

oIt has a constant composition regardless of sample size and sample origin

oCannot be broken down to other pure substances by physical means

oFurther classified into two groups: elements and compounds

Answer 2

pure substance

Question 3

oComposed of more than one component

oThese can have varying components in different phases of matter (combination or solid, liquid, or gas)

oCannot be separated into its components (pure substances) through physical processes

oFurther classified into three types: solutions, colloids, and suspensions

Answer 3

mixture

Question 4

are the basic building block of all matter
•It is composed of subatomic particles

oElectrons, negatively charged particle

oProtons, positively charged particles

oNeutrons, neutral-charged particles

Answer 4

Atoms

Question 5

The mass of an atom is concentrated on the _____ where protons and neutrons are found

Answer 5

nucleus

Question 6

Electrons are found in the _____ rapidly moving around the atom’s nucleus

Answer 6

electron cloud

Question 7

are pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by a chemical reaction

• An element is composed of similar atoms
• Arranged in the periodic table

oThis arrangement can tell us about an element’s physical and chemical properties

Answer 7

elements

Question 8

what are the three classified element turned into three groups

Answer 8

metals
non metal
mettaloids

Question 9

are found in the left side of the periodic table
•Shiny solids at room temperature except mercury, francium, rubidium, mercury, and gallium
•Good conductors of heat and electricity

Answer 9

Metals

Question 10

are found in the right side of the periodic table
•Can be solid, liquid, or gas. Solid nonmetals are dull in appearance
•Poor conductors of heat and electricity

Answer 10

nonmetals

Question 11

are found along the solid line starting from boron(B) to astatine(At)

• Properties of metalloids are intermediate of metals and nonmetals
• There are only seven metalloids: boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and astatine (As)

Answer 11

Mettaloids

Question 12

is the combination of the mass of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

oAtoms of an element with varying masses are taken into account in determining an element’s atomic mass

oThe atoms of varying atomic mass exist because of difference in the number of neutrons in their nuclei. These are called isotopes

Answer 12

atomic mass

Question 13

Why aren’t electrons accounted for in the determination of atomic mass?

Answer 13

The mass of an electron is negligible (and effectively equal to zero) compared to protons and neutrons

Question 14

is the joining of atoms in a stable formation

•

Answer 14

bonding

Question 15

two kinds of bonding

Answer 15

oIonic bonds result from the transfer of electrons from one element to another

oCovalent bonds result from the sharing of electrons between two atoms

Question 16

are charged species in which the number of protons and electrons in an atom is unequal.

Answer 16

ions

Question 17

consist of oppositely charged ions that have a strong electrostatic attraction for each other

Answer 17

ionic compounds

Question 18

two types of ion

Answer 18

cations and anions

Question 19

are positively charged ions. A cation has fewer electrons (e-) than protons

•By losing one, two, or three e-, an atom forms a completely filled outer shell of e-

Answer 19

Cations

Question 20

are negatively charged ions. An ion has more e- than protons

By gaining one, two, or three electrons, an atoms forms an anion with a completely filled outer shell of e-
•The octet rule: a main group element is especially stable when it possesses an octet of e- in its outer (valent) shell
•Octet = 8 valence e-

Answer 20

anions

Question 21

are ions composed of more than one atom

Answer 21

polyatomic ions

Question 22

are crystalline solids that have very high melting points (NaCl = 801 oC) and extremely high boiling points (NaCl = 1413 oC)

•When dissolve in water, they separate into cations and anions. The resulting aqueous solutions conduct an electric current.

Answer 22

ionic compounds

Question 23

common ions in the body

Answer 23

Ca2+ is found in teeth and bones
Na+ and K+are found in all body fluids
Fe2+ is present in thehemoglobin of the blodd
CI- is present in the gastric juicesof the stomach and other fluids
Mg2+ is needed for nerve transmission and muscle control.

Question 24

common ions in consumer products

Answer 24

Barium sulfate, BaSO4, in visualizing the digestive system in X-rays

Sodium nitrite, NaNO2, prevents the growth of bacteria in canned goods

Sodium fluoride is added in drinking water and dental products to help prevent tooth decay.

Minute amounts of potassium iodide and other salts containing iodine are present in iodized table salt to ensure adequate intake of iodine in the diet

Question 25

result from the sharing of electrons between two atoms. * A covalent bond is a two-electron bond in which the bonding atoms share the electrons. * A molecule is a discrete group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

Answer 25

Covalent bonds

Question 26

are formed when two nonmetals combine, or when a metalloid bonds to a nonmetal.

Answer 26

covalent bonds

Question 27

How many covalent bonds will a particular atom form?

Answer 27

Atoms with one, two, or three valence e- generally form one, two, or three bonds, respectively. Atoms with four or more valence electrons form enough bonds to give an octet

Question 28

shows the number and identity of all of the atoms in a compound, but not which atoms are bonded to each other

Answer 28

molecular formula

Question 29

shows the connectivity between atoms, as well as the location of all bonding and nonbonding valence electrons

Answer 29

Lewis Structure

Question 30

Steps in Drawing Lewis Structures of Molecules

Answer 30

1. arrange atoms 2. Count the total number of valence electrons 3. Arrange bonding electrons and loan pairs. 4. Use multiple bonds to fill octets when needed.

Question 31

How to determine molecular shape:

Answer 31

1.Locate the atom where molecular shape is to be determined. 2. Count the number of groups around the atom 3. Determine which groups are atoms or lone pairs

Question 32

is a measure of an atom’s attraction for e- in a bond | •It tells how much a particular atom “wants” e-

Answer 32

electronegativity

Question 33

A molecule as a whole can be classified as polar or nonpolar, This classification depends on:

Answer 33

1. The polarity of individual bonds | 2. Overall shape of the molecule

Question 34

Nonpolar molecules generally have:

Answer 34

oNo polar bonds | oIndividual bond dipoles that cancel

Question 35

Polar molecules generally have: oAt least one polar bond oIndividual dipoles that do not cancel

Answer 35

oAt least one polar bond | oIndividual dipoles that do not cancel

Question 36

acts on the muscle in the walls of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen

Answer 36

Nitroglycerin

Question 37

the principal component of thr blood other fluid is

Answer 37

H2O

Question 38

is a building block of the protein that composes heart muscle

Answer 38

glycine

Question 39

the protein hemoglobin in red cells hinds the covalent molecule___, and carries it through out the body

Answer 39

O2

Question 40

Elements will gain, lose, or share electrons to attain the electron configuration of the noble gas closest to them in the periodic table

Answer 40

bonding