Component 2 all definitions

Question 1

What is the aim of a research study?

Answer 1

A general statement about the purpose of the research

Question 2

Define hypothesis.

Answer 2

A precise statement about the expected outcome of the investigation

Question 3

What is a null hypothesis?

Answer 3

A statement stating that no difference will be found between variables in the research

Question 4

What does a directional hypothesis specify?

Answer 4

It specifies what the effect will be between variables

Question 5

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

Answer 5

A hypothesis that states there will be an effect but does not specify what the effect will be

Question 6

What is an independent variable?

Answer 6

Something that the experimenter manipulates or changes and is assumed to have an effect on the dependent variable

Question 7

Define dependent variable.

Answer 7

A variable that is affected by the changes in the independent variable

Question 8

What are extraneous variables?

Answer 8

Any variable other than the independent variable that could have an effect on the dependent variable

Question 9

What are confounding variables?

Answer 9

A variable that varies systematically with the independent variable

Question 10

What are participants variables?

Answer 10

A form of extraneous variable

Question 11

What are situational variables?

Answer 11

A form of extraneous variable

Question 12

What are experimenter variables?

Answer 12

A form of extraneous variable

Question 13

Define bias in research.

Answer 13

Some form of distortion that prevents a clear reflection of the attitude or behavior being studied

Question 14

What does it mean for a group to be representative?

Answer 14

A group that is a true reflection of the overall population

Question 15

What is a standardised procedure?

Answer 15

Ensuring all steps and instructions of the research are kept exactly the same for all participants

Question 16

What is counterbalancing?

Answer 16

Balancing out order effects, used with repeated measures by splitting the sample into two groups

Question 17

Define demand characteristics.

Answer 17

Anything that allows participants to discover the purpose of the research and change their behavior

Question 18

What is a double blind study?

Answer 18

Neither the participant nor the experimenter knows what condition they are in

Question 19

What is a single blind study?

Answer 19

The participant is unaware of which condition they are in

Question 20

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 20

Two separate experiments complete and document the same research and check they have the same results

Question 21

Define order effects.

Answer 21

Any differences in results due to the order that the experimental tasks are presented in

Question 22

What is independent measures design?

Answer 22

One group does one task, another group does another; each participant only takes part in one condition

Question 23

What is repeated measures design?

Answer 23

The whole group does one task and then another; each participant takes part in all conditions

Question 24

What is matched pairs design?

Answer 24

It is independent measures but the groups are deliberately balanced

Question 25

What is the target population?

Answer 25

The whole group with which the study is concerned

Question 26

Define systematic sampling.

Answer 26

Every nth person on a list is selected to take part in the study

Question 27

What is random sampling?

Answer 27

Participants all have the same chance of being selected (e.g. names out of a hat)

Question 28

What is opportunity sampling?

Answer 28

Individuals that are available to the researcher at the time

Question 29

What is volunteer sampling?

Answer 29

Individuals that put themselves forward to participate in the research

Question 30

Define stratified sampling.

Answer 30

The population is divided into subgroups; the sample must be representative of those subgroups

Question 31

What is informed consent?

Answer 31

All participants must fully understand and agree to participate in the research

Question 32

What does deception mean in research?

Answer 32

Lying or hiding the true purpose of the research

Question 33

What is the right to withdraw?

Answer 33

Participants can stop or leave the research at any time

Question 34

What does confidentiality mean in research?

Answer 34

All participants’ personal details must not be shared

Question 35

What is protection from harm in research?

Answer 35

Participants have the right to be protected from any physical or psychological harm throughout the study

Question 36

What is a debrief?

Answer 36

Following the research, all participants should be told the true aims of the study