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Complex Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

constitute the main components of membranes.

A

Complex lipids

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2
Q

Complex lipids can be classified into two groups:

A

phospholipids and glycolipids

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3
Q

contain an alcohol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

A

Phospholipids

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4
Q

There are two types of phospholipids:

A

glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids

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5
Q

the alcohol is glycerol.

A

glycerophospholipids

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6
Q

the alcohol is sphingosine.

A

sphingolipids

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7
Q

are complex lipids that contain carbohydrates.

A

Glycolipids

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8
Q

In this glycerol is the alcohol group.

A

Glycerophosphatides

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9
Q

In this group, inositol is the alco-hol, e.g. phosphatidyl inositol (lipositol).

A

Phosphoinositides

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10
Q

Alcohol present is sphingosine (also called as sphingol), an unsaturated amino alcohol. e. g. sphingomyelin.

A

Phosphosphingosides

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11
Q

GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS also called

A

phosphoglycerides

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12
Q

contains a glycerol core with fatty acids. They can be the same or different subunits of fatty acids.

A

Glycerophospholipids

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13
Q

(tail, apolar) contains a fatty acid. typically saturated

A

Carbon 1

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14
Q

contains a fatty acid, typically unsaturated and in the cis conformation, thus appeamng, “bent”

A

Carbon 2

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15
Q

contains a phosphate group or an alcohol attached to a phosphate group

A

Carbon 3

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16
Q

the alcohol inositol is bonded to the rest of the molecute by a phosphate ester bond.

A

phosphatidylinositols (PI)

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17
Q

• has stearic acid on one end and linoleic acid in the middle
• used commercially in foods requiring a natural emulsifier and/or lubricant, and in pharmaceuticals as protective coverings

A

Lecithin

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18
Q

• a lipid found in biological membranes
• found particularly in nervous tissue such as the white matter of brain, nerves, neural tissue, and in spinal cord
• principal phospholipid in bacteria

A

Cephalin

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19
Q

• negatively charged phospholipid
• minor component in the cytosolic side of eukaryotic cell membranes
• play important roles in lipid signaling, cell signaling and membrane trafficking

A

Phosphatidyl inositol

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20
Q

• usually kept on the inner leaflet, the cytosolic side, of cell membranes by an enzyme called flippase

A

Phosphatidyl serine

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21
Q

an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Cardiolipin

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22
Q

a rare genetic disorder that was recognized in the 1970s to Infantile death

A

Barth syndrome

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23
Q

It’s reported that CL content in the brain would decrease with aging

A

Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease

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24
Q

decreased CL levels and change in acyl chain composition are also observed in the mitochondrial dysfunction

A

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and heart failure

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25
mainly caused by abnormal enhanced production of CL
Tangier disease
26
has recently been found to be deficient in the heart at the earliest stages of diabetes, possibly due to a lipid-digesting enzyme that becomes more active in diabetic heart muscle
Diabetes
27
with anti-cardiolipin antibodies can have recurrent thrombotic ayents even early in their mid to late teen years
Antiphospholipid syndrome
28
Cardiolipin from a cow heart is used as an antigen in the Wassermann test for?
Syphilis
29
it is found that two antibodies directed againat 2F5, 410 in membrane-proximaliregion, MPR, react with self-antigons, including cardiolipin
HIV-1
30
it is suggested that abnormalities in CL can impair mitochondnal function and bicenergetics.
Cancer
31
Phospholipids participate in the lipoprotein complexes which are thought to constitute the matrix of cell walls and membranes, the myelin sheath, and of such structures as mitochondria and microsomes.
Structural
32
Certain enzymes require tightly bound phospholipids for their actions, e.g. mitochondrial enzyme system involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
Role in enzyme action
33
Phospholipids play an essential part in the blood coagulation process.
Role in blood coagulation
34
Platelets provide the chief source of PL and that part of total lipid content of the platelets which contribute to intrinsic blood coagulation process is called
platelet factor 3
35
Lecithin lowers the surface tension of water and aids in emulsification of lipid water mixtures, a prerequisite in digestion and absorption of lipids from GI tract.
Role in lipid absorption in intestine
36
Exogenous TG is carried as lipoprotein complex, chylomicrons, in which PL takes an active part.
Role in transport of lipids from intestines
37
Endogenous TG is carried from Liver to various tissues as lipoprotein complex Pre-ß-lipoprotein (VLDL), PL is required for the formation of the lipoprotein complex.
Role in transport of lipids from liver
38
Probably PL help to couple oxidation with phosphorylation and maintain electron transport enzymes in active conformation and proper relative positions.
Role in electron transport
39
Choline acts as a lipotropic agent as it can prevent formation of fatty liver. As lecithin can provide choline it acts as a lipotropic agent.
Lipotropic action of lecithin
40
Phospholipids are in some way implicated in the mechanism of secretion is suggested by the observation that phaspholipids, specially phosphatidic acid and phosphoinositides turnover is proportional to the rate of secretion of cells liberating such products as hormones, enzymes, mucins and other proteins.
lon transport and secretion
41
Phospholipids of myelin sheaths provide the insulation around the nerve fibres.
Insulation
42
Phospholipids are required as a cofactor for the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase and triacyialycerol lipase.
Cofactor
43
Myelin, the coating of nerve axons. contains a different kind of complex lipid
sphingolipids
44
The combination of a fatty acid and sphingosine is called the
ceramide
45
are complex lipids that contain carbohydrates and ceramides.
Glycolipids
46
consists of ceramide mono- of oligosaccharides.
cerebrosides
47
contain a more complex carbohydrate structure.
gangliosides
48
- The third major class of lipids - In this structure, three cyclohexane rings (A, B. and C) are connected in the same way as in phenanthrene; a fused. cyclopentane ring (DI is also present.
Steroids
49
The most abundant and the most important steroid in the human body.
Cholesterol
50
is almost pure cholesterol
human gallstone
51
spherically shaped clusters containing both lipid molecules and protein molecules,
Lipoproteins
52
which consists of about 33% protein and about 30% cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) ("good cholestero")
53
which contains only 25% protein but 50% cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ("bad cholesterol")
54
which mostly carres triglycerides (fats) synthesized by the liver
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
55
which carry dietary lipids synthesized in the intestines
Chylomicrons
56
The LDL carries cholesterol to the cells, where specific LDL- receptor molecules line the cell surface in certain concentrated areas called
coated pits
57
• the cholesterol level in the plasma - 680 mg/100 ml • Normal 175 mg/
Familial hypercholesterolemia
58
a term that includes the total level of cholesterol that is found in the bloodstream
Serum cholesterol
59
known as P4 (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) is a C-21 steroid hormone
Progesterone
60
Progesterone sometimes called?
Hormone of pregnancy
61
are products of the adrenal glands
adrenocorticoid hormones
62
one of the most important mineratocorticoids.
Aldosterone
63
Its function is to increase the glucose and his centalior occurs at the body.
cortisol
64
cortisol usually referred to be?
Stress hormone
65
counteracts Insulin, contributing to hyperelvcemia
Insulin
66
in rats, toss of collagen from skin
Collagen
67
stimutates gastric acid socretion:
Gastmc secretion
68
inhibit: loss of sodlum from small intestines of mammais
Sodium
69
causes alkalosis of the serum
Potassium
70
acts as an anti diuretic hormone
Water
71
increasing copper availability fon immune purposes
Copper

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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