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Biochemistry > Complex Lipids > Flashcards

Complex Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

constitute the main components of membranes.

A

Complex lipids

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2
Q

Complex lipids can be classified into two groups:

A

phospholipids and glycolipids

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3
Q

contain an alcohol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

A

Phospholipids

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4
Q

There are two types of phospholipids:

A

glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids

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5
Q

the alcohol is glycerol.

A

glycerophospholipids

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6
Q

the alcohol is sphingosine.

A

sphingolipids

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7
Q

are complex lipids that contain carbohydrates.

A

Glycolipids

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8
Q

In this glycerol is the alcohol group.

A

Glycerophosphatides

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9
Q

In this group, inositol is the alco-hol, e.g. phosphatidyl inositol (lipositol).

A

Phosphoinositides

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10
Q

Alcohol present is sphingosine (also called as sphingol), an unsaturated amino alcohol. e. g. sphingomyelin.

A

Phosphosphingosides

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11
Q

GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS also called

A

phosphoglycerides

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12
Q

contains a glycerol core with fatty acids. They can be the same or different subunits of fatty acids.

A

Glycerophospholipids

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13
Q

(tail, apolar) contains a fatty acid. typically saturated

A

Carbon 1

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14
Q

contains a fatty acid, typically unsaturated and in the cis conformation, thus appeamng, “bent”

A

Carbon 2

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15
Q

contains a phosphate group or an alcohol attached to a phosphate group

A

Carbon 3

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16
Q

the alcohol inositol is bonded to the rest of the molecute by a phosphate ester bond.

A

phosphatidylinositols (PI)

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17
Q

• has stearic acid on one end and linoleic acid in the middle
• used commercially in foods requiring a natural emulsifier and/or lubricant, and in pharmaceuticals as protective coverings

A

Lecithin

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18
Q

• a lipid found in biological membranes
• found particularly in nervous tissue such as the white matter of brain, nerves, neural tissue, and in spinal cord
• principal phospholipid in bacteria

A

Cephalin

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19
Q

• negatively charged phospholipid
• minor component in the cytosolic side of eukaryotic cell membranes
• play important roles in lipid signaling, cell signaling and membrane trafficking

A

Phosphatidyl inositol

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20
Q

• usually kept on the inner leaflet, the cytosolic side, of cell membranes by an enzyme called flippase

A

Phosphatidyl serine

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21
Q

an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Cardiolipin

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22
Q

a rare genetic disorder that was recognized in the 1970s to Infantile death

A

Barth syndrome

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23
Q

It’s reported that CL content in the brain would decrease with aging

A

Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease

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24
Q

decreased CL levels and change in acyl chain composition are also observed in the mitochondrial dysfunction

A

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and heart failure

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25
Q

mainly caused by abnormal enhanced production of CL

A

Tangier disease

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26
Q

has recently been found to be deficient in the heart at the earliest stages of diabetes, possibly due to a lipid-digesting enzyme that becomes more active in diabetic heart muscle

A

Diabetes

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27
Q

with anti-cardiolipin antibodies can have recurrent thrombotic ayents even early in their mid to late teen years

A

Antiphospholipid syndrome

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28
Q

Cardiolipin from a cow heart is used as an antigen in the Wassermann test for?

A

Syphilis

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29
Q

it is found that two antibodies directed againat 2F5, 410 in membrane-proximaliregion, MPR, react with self-antigons, including cardiolipin

A

HIV-1

30
Q

it is suggested that abnormalities in CL can impair mitochondnal function and bicenergetics.

A

Cancer

31
Q

Phospholipids participate in the lipoprotein complexes which are thought to constitute the matrix of cell walls and membranes, the myelin sheath, and of such structures as mitochondria and microsomes.

A

Structural

32
Q

Certain enzymes require tightly bound phospholipids for their actions, e.g. mitochondrial enzyme system involved in oxidative phosphorylation.

A

Role in enzyme action

33
Q

Phospholipids play an essential part in the blood coagulation process.

A

Role in blood coagulation

34
Q

Platelets provide the chief source of PL and that part of total lipid content of the platelets which contribute to intrinsic blood coagulation process is called

A

platelet factor 3

35
Q

Lecithin lowers the surface tension of water and aids in emulsification of lipid water mixtures, a prerequisite in digestion and absorption of lipids from GI tract.

A

Role in lipid absorption in intestine

36
Q

Exogenous TG is carried as lipoprotein complex, chylomicrons, in which PL takes an active part.

A

Role in transport of lipids from intestines

37
Q

Endogenous TG is carried from Liver to various tissues as lipoprotein complex Pre-ß-lipoprotein (VLDL), PL is required for the formation of the lipoprotein complex.

A

Role in transport of lipids from liver

38
Q

Probably PL help to couple oxidation with phosphorylation and maintain electron transport enzymes in active conformation and proper relative positions.

A

Role in electron transport

39
Q

Choline acts as a lipotropic agent as it can prevent formation of fatty liver. As lecithin can provide choline it acts as a lipotropic agent.

A

Lipotropic action of lecithin

40
Q

Phospholipids are in some way implicated in the mechanism of secretion is suggested by the observation that phaspholipids, specially phosphatidic acid and phosphoinositides turnover is proportional to the rate of secretion of cells liberating such products as hormones, enzymes, mucins and other proteins.

A

lon transport and secretion

41
Q

Phospholipids of myelin sheaths provide the insulation around the nerve fibres.

A

Insulation

42
Q

Phospholipids are required as a cofactor for the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase and triacyialycerol lipase.

A

Cofactor

43
Q

Myelin, the coating of nerve axons. contains a different kind of complex lipid

A

sphingolipids

44
Q

The combination of a fatty acid and sphingosine is called the

A

ceramide

45
Q

are complex lipids that contain carbohydrates and ceramides.

A

Glycolipids

46
Q

consists of ceramide mono- of oligosaccharides.

A

cerebrosides

47
Q

contain a more complex carbohydrate structure.

A

gangliosides

48
Q
  • The third major class of lipids
  • In this structure, three cyclohexane rings (A, B. and C) are connected in the same way as in phenanthrene; a fused. cyclopentane ring (DI is also present.
A

Steroids

49
Q

The most abundant and the most important steroid in the human body.

A

Cholesterol

50
Q

is almost pure cholesterol

A

human gallstone

51
Q

spherically shaped clusters containing both lipid molecules and protein molecules,

A

Lipoproteins

52
Q

which consists of about 33% protein and about 30% cholesterol

A

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) (“good cholestero”)

53
Q

which contains only 25% protein but 50% cholesterol

A

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (“bad cholesterol”)

54
Q

which mostly carres triglycerides (fats) synthesized by the liver

A

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

55
Q

which carry dietary lipids synthesized in the intestines

A

Chylomicrons

56
Q

The LDL carries cholesterol to the cells, where specific LDL- receptor molecules line the cell surface in certain concentrated areas called

A

coated pits

57
Q

• the cholesterol level in the plasma - 680 mg/100 ml
• Normal 175 mg/

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia

58
Q

a term that includes the total level of cholesterol that is found in the bloodstream

A

Serum cholesterol

59
Q

known as P4 (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) is a C-21 steroid hormone

A

Progesterone

60
Q

Progesterone sometimes called?

A

Hormone of pregnancy

61
Q

are products of the adrenal glands

A

adrenocorticoid hormones

62
Q

one of the most important mineratocorticoids.

A

Aldosterone

63
Q

Its function is to increase the glucose and his centalior occurs at the body.

A

cortisol

64
Q

cortisol usually referred to be?

A

Stress hormone

65
Q

counteracts Insulin, contributing to hyperelvcemia

A

Insulin

66
Q

in rats, toss of collagen from skin

A

Collagen

67
Q

stimutates gastric acid socretion:

A

Gastmc secretion

68
Q

inhibit: loss of sodlum from small intestines of mammais

A

Sodium

69
Q

causes alkalosis of the serum

A

Potassium

70
Q

acts as an anti diuretic hormone

A

Water

71
Q

increasing copper availability fon immune purposes

A

Copper

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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