Complete Deck Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
When should Intercourse be avoided during Pregnancy?
A
Cervical dilation, placenta previa, premature labor, vaginal bleeding, ruptured membranes, genital herpes
2
Q
What is Type 2 RTA?
A
Proximal RTA: bad Carbonic Anhydrase, lost all HCO3-
3
Q
What is Heavy Chain Disease?
A
IgA and Multiple Myeloma of the GI tract
4
Q
What is Nihilism?
A
Feeling of “life is meaningless”
5
Q
What is Forward Typing?
A
Uses Antibodies to detect Antigens
6
Q
What is associated with Vibrio Vulnificus?
A
Raw Oyster - common in workers shucking the oysters, cellulitis in swimmer’s cuts
7
Q
What is the MOA of Propranolol, Timolol?
A
B1 and B2 Blockers
8
Q
What is Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease?
A
Mouth ulcersWill not eat or drinkPalm and sole rash caused by Coxsackie A
9
Q
What are the 2 kinds of partial seizures?
A
Simple (aware), complex (not aware)
10
Q
What is an Omphalocele?
A
Intestines protrude out of the umbilicus covered by peritoneum
11
Q
What is Clanging?
A
Words that sound alike
12
Q
What is exudate?
A
Effusion of mostly proteinToo much protein: Will have —Purulent (from Bacteria),Hemorrhagic (from trauma, CA, PE)Fibrinous (from collagen vascular disease), Granulomatous (non-bacterial)
13
Q
What are the Mimetic drugs?
A
Pramlintide
14
Q
What is Lewy Body Dementia?
A
Stiff with visual hallucinations
15
Q
What type of problem is there if serum Ca2+ and Serum PO4- change in same directions?
A
This is a secondary problem
16
Q
What is the Pool Test?
A
Fluid in the vagina
17
Q
What are the indications for Odansetron?
A
Control vomiting in patients undergoing chemo therapy and postoperatively
18
Q
What is Kd?
A
Concentration of drug that binds 50% of receptors
19
Q
What is associated with H. Aegyptius?
A
Swollen eyeball with pus
20
Q
What is Overflow Incontinence?
A
Cannot completely empty bladder
21
Q
How does Gonorrhea present?
A
Palmar pustules, arthritis/joint pain, urethral discomfor
22
Q
What makes Achalasia unique?
A
Decreased Peristalsis and increased LES pressure
23
Q
What is the MOA of Pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine?
A
Sympathomimetic alpha-agonistsnon-prescription nasal decongestants
24
Q
Where does DHT come from?
A
Testicles at puberty
25
What is Intraductal Papilloma?
Bleeding from the nippleMost common Breast CA
26
How does temporal arteritis present?
Pain with chewing, blind in one eye
27
What diseases have PIE syndrome?
Aspergillus, Loeffler's, Churg-Strauss
28
What is associated with Fusobacterium?
Painful mouth ulcers, gum pus, Vincent's angina
29
What is the MOA of ACE inhibitors?
Inhibits conversion of Ang I to Ang II, decreases Ang II
30
What is Central (neurogenic) diabetes insipidus?
Brain not making or producing enough ADH
31
What is Arnold-Chiari?
Foramen Magnum obstruction
32
What is 1st-order kinetics?
Constant drug percentage metabolism over time depends on drug concentration (rate of elimination is directly proportional to drug concentration)
33
What does Vit B2 do?
FAD cofactor
34
Clues for atypical pneumonia?
Atypical pneumonia: prolonged illness, low fever, usually >40 y/oX-ray: diffuse, H. Influenza, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia
35
What does giving DDAVP during the Water deprivation tests tell you?
>50% increase (central complete DI),10-50% increase (central partial DI),<10% (psychogenic polydipsia),no change (nephrogenic DI)
36
What will you see with Alpha Thalassemia?
Seen in African Americans and Asian Americans (Chromosome 16- deletion)
37
What are the simple Gram Negative Bugs?
They lack Lipopolysaccharides,"Simple HE"H - H. InfluenzaE - E. Coli
38
What is a Neutrophil?
The Phagocyte (it has Antimicrobials, most abundant)
39
What is the MOA of Glucocorticoids?
Decrease production of Leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and expression of COX-2
40
What is Transference?
Patient views doctor as parent
41
Where is the most common site of a Clavicle fracture due to birth?
Middle third of the Clavicle
42
What are the indications for Niacin?
Decrease LDL and TriglyceridesStrong increase HDL
43
What is Perseveration?
Keeps repeating the same words
44
What does the parathyroid cells secrete?
PTH
45
What is associated with Actinomyces?
Face Fistulas, Sulfur Granules
46
What is a Rolling Hiatal Hernia?
Bowel Protruded through a defect in the Diaphragm. This can strangulate the bowel and can cause Atelectasis
47
What is Mesenteric Ischemia?
Abdominal pain of of proportion to physical exam
48
What is the MOA of Diazoxide?
K+ channel opener, hyperpolarizes and relaxes smooth muscle
49
What is Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis?
Anti-smooth muscle antibody (20-50%), bile ducts are scarred from inflammation, there is beading and onion skinning, it's associated with UC and P-ANCA (80%)
50
What does the viral load tell you?
Progression of HIV
51
Which enlarged lymph nodes are most likely malignant?
Supraclavicular, Epitrochlear (above the elbow), inguinal
52
What is Velamentous Cord Insertion?
Fetal vessels insert between chorion and amnion
53
What is Common Variable Immuno. Def?
Young adults with B cells that do not work
54
What are the Indications for Oxytocin?
Induces labor and Controls uterine hemorrhage
55
What does Mg2+ do?
PTH and kinase cofactor
56
What are the risk factors for Lung CA?
Smoking, Radon, second hand smoke, pneumoconiosis (except Anthracosis)
57
What is the Adverse Effect for first generation Sulfonylureas?
Disulfiram like effects
58
What is Multiple Myeloma?
Multiple osteolytic lesionsIncreased IgG and kappa light chainsRouleaux formation seen on slide
59
Clues for Typical pneumonia?
Typical pneumonia: short illness, high fever, usually >40 y/o, X-ray: one lobe, Streptococcus Pneumonia
60
What is Polycythemia Vera?
Hematocrit (Hct) >60% Decreased EPO, Budd-ChiariPruritis after bathing
61
What is the MOA of Mimetics?
Decreases Glucagon
62
What is Ascending Cholangitis?
Common bile duct infection due to stones
63
What does Growth Hormone (GH) do?
Stimulates growth, sends Somatomedin to growth plates, Gluconeogenesis by proteolysis
64
What is Anderson's?
Branching enzyme deficiency, long chains of glycogen
65
What is the Sympathetic System?
Fight -or- Flight, speeds stuff up
66
What is a Double Footling Breech?
Two feet sticking outside the cervical OS
67
What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?
Aorta
68
What is Competitive Inhibition?
Fights for active site, no change in Vmax, potency decreases
69
What does blood type O tell you?
They have no antigens (Universal donor)
70
What does high WBC and B Cells tell you?
Bacterial infection
71
What are the Rapidly Dividing Cells of the Energy State?
Skin: dryNails: BrittleHair: AlopeciaLow Bone Marrow: SuppressedVasculature: Endothelium breaks downLungs: Infection / SOBKidney: PCT effecfted firstGI: N/V/DBladder: Decreased toneSperm: DecreasedGerm Cells: Predisposed to cancerBreasts: AtrophicEndometrium: Amenorrhea
72
What diseases are cause by the Ixodes Ticks?
Lyme Disease - bull's eye lesionBabesiosis - Hemolytic AnemiaEhrlichiosis - puncture near eye
73
What does a Dehydrogenase do?
Catalyzes Oxidation-Reduction reactions (gaining or losing an electron)
74
What is Unconjugated Bilirubin?
Fat soluble and indirect Bilirubin
75
What is a transition?
Changes one purine to another purine
76
What is Crigler-Najjar Type I?
Unconjugated bilirubin buildupNewborn or infantsNo UDP-GTPhenobarbital yields no change
77
What organ has the highest AVO2 difference after excercise?
Muscle
78
What are the bugs that cause gastroenteritis within 8 hours of eating the preformed toxin?
Staph Aureus (potato salad)Clostridium Perfringens (holiday turkey/ham)Bacillus Cereus (fried rice syndrome)
79
What are the most common places to metastasize to the brain?
From the lung, breast, and skin, present at the White-Grey Junction
80
What is Polyhydramnios?
Too much amniotic fluid (baby can't swallow)
81
What is the function of GnRH?
Stimulates release of LH & FSH
82
What are the risk factors for Esophageal / Gastric CA?
Smoking, alcohol and nitrates
83
What is Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis?
Gradual or acute separation of the proximal femoral growth plate with femur head slipping off femoral neck and rotating into inferior-posterior position. Most common during puberty and more in overweight individuals, present with a limp and pain recurring often to the kneeLimited hip internal rotation and outward rotation of lump with hip flexionx-ray: epiphyseal displacement
84
FEV1/FVC in Restrictive lung disease
Normal or elevated
85
What has Waxy Casts?
Chronic Renal Failure
86
What are the only Gram-negative diplococci?
Neisseriamoraxella
87
How does a VIPoma present?
Watery diarrhea
88
What are the indications for the Class IB antiarrhythmic?
Decrease AP duration, acute ventricular Arrhythmias, local anesthesia
89
What defines Diarrhea?
>200 grams of stool per day
90
What defines constipation?
Less than 3 bowel movements per week
91
What defines ALL?
0-15 year old males, bone pain, + PAS stain and +TdT. CALLA antigen positiveT (12;21)
92
What is the MOA of Class IB antiarrhythmic?
Na+ channel blocker
93
What is a Duodenal Ulcer?
Pain 20-30 minutes after eating, relieved with food, caused by H. Pylori infection 80-90% of the time and weight gain
94
What is a Female Pseudohermaphrodite?
XX with LOW 21-OHase and HIGH Testosterone
95
What are the adverse effects of Acid Resins?
Tastes bad and causes GI discomfortbile decreases absorption of fat soluble vitaminscholesterol gallstones
96
What is Hurler's?
Alph-L-Iduronidase deficiencyworse formGargoylismCorneal cloudingaccumulation of Heparin and Dermatan Sulfate
97
What are the indications for fibrates?
Strong decrease of triglyceridesslight decrease of LDLslight increase in HDL
98
What are the classifications of MHC-2?
HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR
99
What is Cori's?
Debranching, a-1,6 glucosidase enzyme deficiencyshort branches of glycogenmilder form of von Gierke with normal lactate levelslimit-dextrin's accumulate
100
How does Choanal Atresia Present?
Baby turns blue with feeding, pinks up when breast of bottle is removed (blocked nasal passages)
101
What is the job of the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?
Reabsorb Glucose, Amino Acids, Salt, Bicarb. >60-80% Reabsorption occurs here
102
What is Bronchiectasis?
Bad breath, purulent sputum, and hemoptysis
103
What electrolytes does the low volume state have?
Increased total Na+ (NET)Decreased serum Na (dilution effect)Decreased serum K+Increased serum pH
104
In what layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm occur?
Intima and media layers
105
Who makes the Syncytiotrophoblast?
Mom and baby production of HCG and HPL
106
What is Metorrhagia
Bleeding or spotting in btwn periods
107
How does Spastic Colon present?
Intermittent severe cramps
108
What is selective IgG2 Deficiency?
Seen in patients with recurrent encapsulated infections
109
What diseases have respiratory acidosis?
Obstructive lung diseases
110
What is Prinzmetal's angina?
Coronary Artery Spasm
111
What does high WBC and High PMN's tell you?
Stress demargination. (Stress response - post trauma)
112
What causes a Cleft Palate?
Maxillary shelves did not fuse
113
What is Rouleaux formation?
Seen in Multiple Myeloma (Stacked coin look)
114
What is Neologisms?
New words
115
What is Nephrotic Kidney Disease?
Lostbasement membrange chargeProteinuria >3.5hypercoagulablelipiduria
116
What does a Phosphatase do?
Removes Phosphate from substrate
117
What bug loves the parietal lobe?
Toxoplasma
118
What bug is associated with Cat Scratch?
Bartonella Henselae
119
What is Selective IgA Deficiency?
Seen in transfusion, anaphylaxis, and mucus membrane infections
120
What is the Trough level?
2 hours before next dose (too high - give less often)
121
What is VHL?
Predisposes individuals to bnign and malignant tumors, AVM in the head, and retina (AD inheritance in Chromosome 3)
122
What causes a Cleft Lip?
Medial nasal prominence did not fuse
123
What is the MOA of Reserpine?
Prevents the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicle
124
What are the 3 tests used to screen for HIV?
ELISA: Detects IgG Ab to p24 AgWestern Blot: ProteinsPCR: Detects Virus (used in babies)
125
What is Materninty Blues?
Postpartum crying and irritability
126
What are the inidications for PPIs?
Peptic ulcer, gastritis, mid-esophageal Reflux and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
127
What are the Ca2+ channel blockers?
Verapamil, Diltiazem
128
What is Conn's Syndrome?
High Aldosterone (primary tumor), Cpatopril test makes it worse, and increase's secretin hormone
129
What color is stool with a Lower GI Bleed?
Bright Red Blood (Hematochezia)
130
What is Type 5 Hypderlipidemia?
Defective enzyme and receptor (C-II) Elevated VLDL and ChylomicronsAssociated with DM
131
What is the RBC lifespan when there is a problem?
60-90 days (same time as the shelf life of blood bank units)
132
What sound radiates to the back?
Pulmonic stenosis
133
What is the MOA of Prazosin?
Alpha 1-Blocker, vasodilation, decreases TPR
134
What is Sandhoff's?
Hexosaminidase A/B deficiency
135
What is the MOA of Octreotide (Synthetic analog of Somatostatin)?
Decreases release of GH, Gastrin, CCK, Carcinoid, VUP, Glucagon and Insulin
136
How is Smallpox different from Chickenpox?
Smallpox is on the face, same stage of development and fever
137
What is Diffusion?
From high to low concentration No ATP
138
What are the Fibrates?
Gemfibrozil, Clofibrate, Bezafibrate, Fenofibrate
139
What is Anthracosis?
Coal workers, extensive fibrosis
140
What is Conduct Disorder?
Younger than 18 y/o with traits of antisocial disorder: aggressive, disregard for authority/rules, no sense of guilt/remorse, harms animals, illegal activity "bite is worse than bark". Behavioral therapy and antipsychotic
141
What are the names of the B vitamins?
"The Rich Never Lie about Panning Pyrite Filled Creeks"Vit B1 = ThiamineVit B2 = RiboflavinVit B3 = NiacinVit B4 = Lipoic acidVit B5 = Pantothenic acidVit B6 = PyridoxineVit B7 = BiotinVit B9 = FolateVit B12 = Cobalamin
142
What 5 bugs cause heart block infections?
"Don't TeLL Chaga"D- DiphtheriaT- Typhoid Fever (Salmonella Typhi)L- LegionellaL- Lyme DiseaseC- Chagas Disease (Whipple's)
143
What is a Complete Abortion?
Cervix is closed, no fetal remnants, check B-HCG level
144
What is a "Blue Bloater"?
Chronic Bronchitis
145
What are the Indications for ACE inhibitors?
HTN, CHF, post MI and vasodilation
146
What is the MOA osmotic Laxatives?
Provide osmotic load to draw water outLactulose treats Hepatic encephalopathy: gut flora degrades it into metabolites (lactic acid and acetic acid) that promote Nitrogen excretion as NH4+
147
What is the treatment for hypercholesterolemia?
Statins
148
What are the adverse effects of Minoxidil?
Hypertrichosis and Pericardial Effusion
149
What are the adverse effects of adenosine?
flushing, hypotension, and chest pain very short acting
150
What are the Glucocorticoid drugs?
Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, Prednisone, Beclomethasone
151
Whatis Pheochromocytoma?
Adrenal medulla tumor in adults, they will have five P's: Palpitations, Perspiration, Pallor, Pressure (HTN), and Pain (headache)
152
What is Byssinosis?
Cotton workers, textile workers
153
What is Chediak Higashi?
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome(Lysosomes are slow to fuse around bacteria)
154
What is Korsakoff Psychosis?
Alcoholic Thiamine deficiency. Presents with confusion, Opthalmoplegia, ataxia, memory loss, confabulation and personality changeTx: Vit B1
155
What type of Kidney Stones have Coffin-Lid Crystals?
Triple Phosphate (Struvite)
156
What is the difference between carotid body and carotid sinus?
Carotid Body: ChemoreceptorCarotid Sinus: Baroreceptor
157
What is Meconium?
Green baby poop (first poop)
158
What does Insulin do?
Pushes glucose into cells and K+ follows
159
What causes Granuloma Inguinale?
CalymmatobacteriumGranulomatosisKlebsiella Granulomatis
160
What is the MOA of Carvedilol?
Alpha and B-Blocker
161
What is the MOA of Levothyroxine (T4)/Triiodothyronine (T3)?
Thyroxine replacement
162
What is Anisocytosis?
RBC's with different sizes
163
What is Pain Disorder?
Prolonged pain not explained by physical causes
164
What causes Congenital Blindness?
CMV
165
What is Plummer-Vinson Syndrome?
Esophageal webs, Iron-deficiency anemia, dysphagia
166
What is Neurofibromatosis?
Cafe' au laut spots (hyperpigmentation)Peripheral nerve tumors, axillary frecklesType 1: Von Recklinghausen's-- Chromosome 17, peripheral, optic glioma, Lisch nodules, scoliosisType 2: Acoustic Neuroma, Central, Chromosome 22, cataracts, bilateral deafness
167
What is associated with Strep Viridans, Strep Mutans, and Strep Salivarius?
Subacute bacterial Endocarditis, green pigment, Alpha HemolyticStrep Mutans - dental cariesStrep Salivarius - cold agglutinates
168
What are the adverse effects of Dextromethorphan?
Mild opioid effect so mild abuse potential
169
What is the most common cause of Epididymitis?
Chlamydia Trachomatis, N. Gonorrhea, E. Coli
170
What is Charcot's Triad?
Jaundice, Fever (usually with rigors) and RUQ pain
171
What is seen with Manganese deficiency?
Lose xanthine oxidase function
172
What is Psychogenic Polydipsia?
Drinking a lot of water, diluting Na in blood
173
What is seen in newborns with Syphilis in utero infection?
Rhages (lip fissue), Saber shin legs (anterior bowing of the tibia), Hutchinson's Razor teeth,Mulberry Molars
174
What is the afferent arteriole's job?
Monitor pressure (JG cells-Renin release)
175
How do you detect a Pulmonary Embolus?
Tachypneaincreased V/Q scanECG may show signs of right heart strain or acute cor pulmonale in cases of Large Pes - large S wave in lead I, a large Q wave in lead III and an inverted T wave in lead IIIS1Q3T3
176
What is a frameshift mutation?
Insert or delete any number of bases, not divisible by 3, causes misreading of all downstream nucleotides
177
What is the Isoelectric Point?
The pH at which there is no net charge
178
What does an opening snap tell you?
Mitral or Tricuspid Stenosis
179
What is the rate-limiting enzyme in FA synthesis?
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC)
180
What does a Phosphorylase do?
Adds inorganic Phosphate to substrate, No ATP used
181
What is associated with EHEC?
Hemorrhagic = renal failure
182
What are the Bile acid resins?
CholestyramineColestipolColesevelam
183
What is associated with Enterococcus?
UTI, infective Endocarditis post GI/GU procedure
184
What is Voyeurism?
Watching other people without their permission
185
What does CCK (Cholecystokinin) do?
Stimulates bile release and gallbladder contraction, inhibits gastric motility (closes sphincters), and made by I-cell of duodenum
186
What does LDL do?
It carries Cholesterol (only one to do this)
187
What is TORCH Infection?
Toxoplasmosis: Hydrocephalus with generalized intracranial calcification and choriogenesis.Others= HIV, Syphilis, Varicella, B-19HIV= Most infected are asymptomatic, clinical symptoms-- Lymphadenopathy/HepatosplenomegalySyphilis= Osteochondritis and Peridotites; skin rash on palms and soles, snufflesVaricells = Pneumonia (neonatal); limb hypoplasia, cutaneous scar, seizure, MRB-19 = Hydrops FetalisRubella = Cataracts, deafness and heart defects, blueberry muffin spotsCMV = Microcephaly with periventricular calcification, petechia with thrombocytopenia, sensorineural hearing lossHerpes = 1st week: Pneumonia/shock2nd week: Skin vesicles, keratoconjunctivitis3rd week: Acute Meningoencephalitis
188
What does Dopamine (DA) do?
Inhibits Prolactin (PRL) release
189
What is Bipolar II?
Depression and Hypomania (no psychosis)
190
What is the Capacitation reaction?
Allow binding btwn sperm & egg
191
What is associated with Klebsiella Pneumonia?
Alcoholics, Currant Jelly Sputum, UTI, Lung fissures
192
What is the Indication for Demeclocycline?
SIADH
193
What lysosomal diseases have a Gargoyle face?
Gaucher'sHurler's
194
What is a Footling Breech/Incomplete breech?
Butt down. Thigh flexed, one toe is sticking out of the cervical OS
195
What is the MOA of Glitazones/Thiazolidinedione's?
Increases Insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Transaction modulation by Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma in Nuclus
196
What makes B-HCG?
Placenta (synctiotrophoblast)
197
What does erythropoietin (EPO) do?
Makes RBC's (prolong RBC life)
198
What is Erythrasma?
Rash in the skin folds, coral-red under Wood's Lamp
199
What do stomach chief cells secrete?
Pepsin
200
What are the Adverse Effects of Sulfasalazine?
Malaise, nausea, Sulfonamide toxicity, reversible Oligospermia
201
What are the indications for Class IC antiarrhythmic?
Ventricular tachy progressing to V. fib, last resort
202
What is Tracheomalacia?
Soft cartilage and stridor since birth
203
What is the MOA of Sulfasalazine?
A combination of sulfapyridine (antibacterial) and 5-aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammtory) activated by colonig bacteria
204
What are the Indications for Biguanides?
First line therapy in Type 2 DM
205
What is Choledocholithiasis?
Gallstone obstructs the bile duct
206
What bug loves the frontal lobe?
Rubella
207
What is a Platelet?
The clotter (has no nuclei and smallest cells)
208
How do I know the patient has a Vitamin E Deficiency?
Increased free radical damage, hemolytic anemia, ataxia gait, impaired position and vibration sense
209
What is Pseudohermaphrodite?
external genitalia problem
210
What is Niemann-Pick?
Sphingomyelinase deficiencyAreflexiaHepatosplenomegalyfoam cells (Lipid Laden macrophages)
211
What is Efficacy?
Maximal effect drug can produce regardless of dose (lower w/ non-competitive antagonist)
212
What are the Indications for Alpha-Glucosidase inhibitors?
NIDDM. (Type 2)
213
What type of kidney stones have hexagonal crystals?
Cysteine
214
What does Oxytocin do?
Milk letdown and uterine contractions
215
What is sinusitis?
Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, tooth pain worsens upon bending forward
216
What is duodenal Atresia?
Bilious vomiting with first feeding, double bubble sign on x-ray, associated with Downs Syndrome
217
What is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia I?
"Wermer's" 3 P's: Pancreas, Pituitary, Parathyroid adenoma
218
What GI diseases has a RLQ Sausage mass?
Intussusception
219
What is a Dohle Body?
PMN Leukocytosis(caused by infections, steroids, tumor)
220
What does an ejection click tell you?
Aortic or Pulmonic Stenosis
221
What is associated with Clostridium Perfringens?
Holiday ham and turkey - left out on counter and Clostridium jumps on and waits, enterotoxin causes Gastroenteritis, food gets reheated - bug is loving life, DM patients get Gas Gangrene due to the alpha toxin, also found in soil and feces
222
What Is Lesch-Nyhan?
HGPRT deficiencygrout neuropathyself-mutilationDystoniaXLRPrange sand crystals in diaper
223
What is a Bite Cell?
Unstable Hb inclusions (seen in G6PD Deficiency)
224
What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Lie, cheat, steal, destroy property, impulsive without remorse, illegal activity, aggressive towards others. Must be over 18 y/o
225
What are the Adverse Effects of Odansetron?
Headache, constipation, dizziness
226
What does Southwestern blot detect?
DNA-binding Proteins (combines south and western blots)
227
What does a paradoxical S-2 split tell you?
Aortic Stenosis or LBBB
228
What is Pre-Eclampsia?
Ischemia to the placenta causes HTN greater than 140/90
229
What is the MOA of FIbrates?
Upregulate LPL, increase triglyceride clearance
230
What is the Crystallization reaction?
Wall formed after one sperm enters to prevent polyspermy
231
What does auscaltation of wheezing tell you?
Intrathoracic narrowing (seen on expiration on x-ray)
232
What are Ideas of Reference?
Believes the media is monitoring you
233
What does the Citrate shuttle do?
FA transport out of the mitochondria
234
What conditions cause weight gain?
Obesity, Hypothyroidism, Depression, Cushing's, Anasarca
235
What does Vit B5 do?
Part of Acetyl-CoA, no known diseases
236
What is Spina bifida aperta?
Has opening (High AFP)
237
What is HELLP Syndrome?
Hepatic injury causing:H- HemolysisEL- Elevated Liver EnzymeLP- Low Platelets
238
What is the MOA of Class IA antiarrhythmic?
Na+ channel blocker
239
What is the fucntion of LH (Luteinizing hormone)?
Stimulates Testosterone release from the testis, Androgens and Progesterone release from the ovary
240
What is the Parasympathetic System?
Rest and digest, slows stuff down
241
When do you see silent thyroiditis?
Post-partum patients
242
What are the adverse effects of Reserpine?
Mental depression
243
What is associated with Paseurella Multocida?
Cat/Dog saliva => Cellulits with lymphadenitis
244
What is Gigantism?
Childhood form of Acromegaly
245
What form of Estrogen is highest at Menopause?
E1: Estrone (Made by Fat)E2: Estradiol (Made by the ovaries)E3: Estriol (Made by the placenta)
246
What are the adverse effects of Losartan?
Fetal renal toxicityHyperkalemia
247
What is pulse pressure?
Systolic minus diastolic pressure
248
What is Addison's disease?
Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex, causes hyperpigmentation (looks tan), and increased ACTH
249
What is the muscarinic antagonist drug used for asthma?
Ipratropium
250
What is the function of Prolactin (PRL)?
Milk production
251
What is associated with Chlamydia Trachomatis?
Neonatal in-turned eyelashes, Corneal Ulcers
252
How do I know the patient has a Vitamin D Deficiency?
Rickets (children), Osteomalacia (adults)
253
What is Zenker's Diverticulum?
Cough up undigested food from above the UES, Halitosis, motor dysfunction problem
254
What is a Male Hermaphrodite?
XY with no MIF
255
What is Dissociative Fugue?
No past memory at all, even if they see someone from the past - they have no ideaTravel to a new place, usually due to trauma
256
What is an Allograft?
Human to human transplant
257
What are the indications for the Class IA antiarrhythmic?
Increase AP duration, icnrease effective refractory period (ERP) QT interval, affect reentrant and ectopic SVT and ventricular tachy
258
What is Ovarian Hyperstimulation syndrome?
Weight gain and enlarged ovaries after clomiphene use for infertility
259
What is the first generation Sulfonylureas?
Chlorpropamide and Tolbutamide?
260
What is the difference between Myeloid and Lymphoid Leukemia's?
Myeloid: increased RBC, WBC, platelets, macrophages (decreased Luymphoid cells) and bone marrow biopsyLymphoid: increased NK, T, B cells (decreased Myeloid cells) and do lymph node biopsy
261
What are the indications for corticosteroids?
Chronic asthma, COPD
262
What are the acidic amino acids?
Asp, Glu
263
What is the Indication for GLP-1 Analogs?
NIDDM. (Type 2)
264
What does Fremitus, Egophony and Bronchophony tell you?
Consolidation (pathognomonic for pneumonia)
265
What diseases have high eosinophils?
"NAACP"N - Neoplasm (Lymphoma)A - Allergy/ AsthmaA - Addison's disease (no cortisol -relative eosinophilia)C - Collagen Vascular diseaseP - Parasites
266
What does "Penia" tell you?
Low Levels - (Usually due to virus or drugs)
267
What happens with Rubella infections in utero?
Cataracts, hearing loss, PDA, "blueberry muffin" rash (Rash on face that spreads to trunk)
268
What is a complete molar pregnancy?
2 Sperm and no egg (46, XX) both are paternal, bunch of graps, dad eats grapes, no embryo(GROSS!)
269
Where does Testosterone come from?
Adrenal gland and testicles
270
What antibody shows past Hep A infection?
IgG
271
What hepatitis B labs indicate recent immunization within >2/52wks?
HBsAg+
272
What is Thought Blocking?
Stops mid-sentence
273
What is Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis?
T-cell defect against Candida Albicans and chronic fatigue
274
What is Budd-Chiari
Hepatic vein obstruction
275
What does "Cythemia" tell you?
High levels
276
What are the degrees of Vaginal Lacerations?
1st Degree: Skin2nd Degree: Muscle3rd Degree: Anus4th Degree: Rectum
277
What are the Indications for GH?
GH deficiency in children, Turner syndrome, and Burn victims
278
What does a Kinase do?
Adds Phosphate group to substrate using ATP
279
What will Ranson's criteria tell you and what will you see at 48 hours?
Prognosis of Pancreatitis patients BUN >5 mg/dL (decreased RBF)Calcium <8mg/dL (saponification)HCT drops >10% (bleeding into pancreas)sequester > 6 liters of fluid (3rd spacing)Oxygen pO2 <60 mmHg (fluid/protein leak, leads to ARDS)base deficit >4 mEq/L (diarrhea due to no pancreatic enzymes)
280
What is Cushing's Triad?
HTN, Bradycardia, irregular breathing
281
What is Seborrheic Dermatitis?
Red rash with oily skin and dry flaky hairline, crusty lesion
282
What receptors do Steroid Hormones use?
Nuclear membrane receptors (except cortisol cytoplasmic receptor)
283
What is the MOA of Antileukotriene?
5-lipoxygenase inhibitor -> inhibits conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotriene -> prevents bronchoconstriction and inflammatory cell infiltrate
284
What lysosomal diseases have a cherry-red macula?
Tay-sachs, Niemann-Pick
285
What is a Meduloblastoma?
Pseudorosettes compressing the brain, early morning vomiting
286
What antibody shows current Hep A infection?
IgM
287
What does Vit B3 do?
NAD cofactor
288
What are the essential amino acids?
Phynlalanine, Valine, Threonine(PVT)Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine(TIM)Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine(HALL)
289
What is the Dawn Phenomenon?
Morning hyperglycemia secondary to Growth Hormone
290
What is Hepatorenal Syndrome?
High urea from the Liver leads to: increased Glutaminase, Ammonia, GABA- Kidney shuts down
291
What is Nevus Flammeus?
Port Wine Stain - Permanent- Unilateral of face or neck- Vascular malformation - Sturge - Weber syndrome - Vasculitis- Mgt: Pulsed laser therapy
292
What defines CML?
30-50 y/o females t(9;22)Philadelphia Chromosomebcr-abl
293
What is a Kleihauer-Betke Test?
Detects percentage of fetal blood in maternal circulation (Dilution test)
294
What is Kallmann's Syndrome?
No GnRH and Anosmia. (They can't smell)
295
What are the aromatic amino acids?
Phe, Tyr, Trp
296
What structures have one-way valves?
Urethra and ejaculatory duct
297
How fast should fundal height change?
Uterus grows 1 cm/week
298
What GI disease has an Abrupt Cut off on X-Ray?
Volvulus
299
What is associated with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?
Otitis Externa, Ecthyma Gangrenosum, loves rubber, Whirlpool Folliculitis, exotoxin (ADP ribosylates EF-2)
300
What is normal blood loss during a Vaginal Deliver?
500 mL
301
What is Achalasia?
Increased LES Pressure (no Auerbach's Plexus), Bird's Beak on X-Ray and also seen in Chagas Disease
302
What are the most common causes of Oligohydramnios?
Abdominal Muscle Problem: Prune Belly Renal Agenesis: Potters Syndrome
303
What causes anterior leg bowing?
Neonatal syphilis
304
What are the Intravascular Hemolytic Anemias?
IgM G6PD deficiencycold autoimmune
305
What are the adverse effects of the Class IA antiarrhythmic?
Quinidine: CinchonismProcainamide: Torsades de Pointes
306
What does Trypsin cut?
Arg, Lys
307
What is a Dandy Walker malformation?
No cerebellum, distended 4th and lateral ventricles
308
What is Synesthesia?
Smells colors
309
Where is a Bochdalek Hernia?
Occur more commonly on the posterior left side (diaphragm), most common congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)
310
What is Menetrier's Disease?
Loss of protein through the rugal folds. Causes generalized edema. CMV association in children and H. Pylorus in Adults
311
What is a True Hermaphrodite?
Internal genitalia problem (has both sexes)
312
What gives urine its yellow color?
Urobilinogen being oxidized to urobilin
313
What is a Schistocyte?
Broken RBC (seen in DIC and artificial heart vlaves and others)
314
What does vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) do?
Inhibits secretin, motilin, and CCK, and opens Sphincters
315
What are the adverse effects of Digoxin?
Cholinergic, ECG: icnrease PR, decrease QT worsened by renal failureQuinidine displaces Digoxin from tissue binding sites
316
What is Amnesia?
Can't recall important facts
317
What is Type A gastritis?
Upper GI bleed, autoimmune (anti-parietal cell antibodies), Atrophic / Achlorhydria and increased risk for adenocarcinoma (body & fundus region of the stomach)
318
What organ has the highest AVO2 difference after a meal?
GI tract
319
What is Inflammatory Carcinoma?
Infiltrates Lymphatics, pulls on Cooper's Ligaments "Peau d'Orange"
320
What is associated with Propionibacterium acnes?
Acne, Progesterone => Propionic acid
321
What type of immunity does TH2 provide?
Enhances humoral immunity
322
What is Multiple Myeloma?
Male >40 with lower back painSerum M protein (IgG)Bence-Jones Proteins in the urineRouleaux formationPunched out lesions on x-ray
323
What is the function of TRH?
Stimulates TSH release
324
What are some causes of G6PD Deficiency?
Sulfa drugs, mothballs, fava beans, sudden drop in Hb
325
What is Erythema Toxicum?
White wheal on red area rash has Eosinophils
326
What is Pseudocyesis
Fake pregnancy with all the signs and symptoms
327
How does Herpes present?
Primary: Painful grouped vesicles on red baseSecondary: Painful solitary lesion
328
What is squamous cell CA?
Seen in smokers, high PTH and Ca2+
329
What is the cell-mediated immune response?
T-cells and Macrophages patrol the tissues looking for non-bacteria
330
What is a Thyrotrope?
TSH
331
What is seen / causes in Aplastic Anemia?
PancytopeniaAutoimmuneBenzeneAZTChloramphenicolRadiation
332
What is the function of CRH?
Stimulates ACTH release
333
What is the Gram Positive Capsule?
S. Pneumonia
334
What does Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) and Thymosin do?
Help T-cells mature
335
What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Heme synthesis?
Delta-ALA Synthase
336
What is Borderline Personality Disorder?
"Perpetual Teenager", splitting (love/hate), projection, acting out, self-mutiliation, unstable relationships, impulsive
337
What does Rh+ tell you?
Has D Antigen
338
Can you die during ETOH withdrawal?
Yes
339
What Kidney complications can Lithium cause to the person taking the drug?
Destroy the collecting ducts V2 aquaporin receptors, causing Nephrogenic DI
340
What is a Biophysical Profile (BPP)?
By US look for:Non-stress testAFIFetal heart toneFetal ActivityBreathing Movement
341
What do you see in Grave's Disease?
Exophthalmos, Pretibial myxedema, anti-TSH receptor antibodies
342
What bug loves the hippocampus?
Rabies
343
What diseases have metabolic acidosis?
"MUDPILES" and diarrhea
344
What unstable angina?
Pain at rest (transient clots MCC)
345
What is a Pinealoma?
Loss of upward gaze, loss of circadian rhythms lead to precocious puberty
346
What does THF donate methyl groups for?
Nucleotides
347
What is the MOA of Misoprostol?
PGE1 analog, increase production and secretion of gastric mucous barrier, decreased acid production
348
What is Lichen Sclerosis?
Paper like vulva, itching, CA risk
349
What is an Eosinophil?
The parasite destroyer and allergy inducer
350
What is seen in Paroxysmal Cold Auto Autoimmune?
Bleeds after cold exposure Donath-Landsteiner Ab
351
What does the E Ag tell you?
Transmissibility/ Infectivity
352
What is Intussusception?
Currant Jelly Stool, Stacked Coin Enema, sausage shaped mass and knees to chest for comfort
353
What is Type 1 Hyperlipidemia?
Defective Liver Lipoprotein Lipase (chylomicrons are elevated)
354
What is Uterus Rupture?
Tearing sensation, halt of delivery
355
What is associated with (PCP) Pneumocystis Carinii pnemonia?
AIDS and preemies, rusty sputum, silver stains the lungs, increased LDH, Treat with steroids
356
Why do pregnant women get Anemia?
Due to the dilution effect: RBC rises 30%, but body volume rises 50%
357
What is associated with Vibrio Cholera?
Rice Water Diarrhea, ADP- Ribosylates Gs = High cAMP, Turning the on... on
358
What vessel has the highest compliance?
Veins
359
What is the smallest amino acid?
Gly
360
What is a point mutation?
Changes one base
361
What are Esophageal Varices?
Due to Portal HTN, vomit large amounts of blood when they rupture
362
What is MGM?
BM spikes, granular/linear supepithelial spikes and closes
363
What type of kidney stones have Rosette Crystals?
Uric acid
364
What is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia II (2A)?
"Sipple's" Pheochromocytoma, Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid, Parathyroid Adenoma. (tumor marker RET)
365
What are Spur Cells / Acanthocytes?
Lipid bilayer disease
366
How does Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) present?
Alternating diarrhea/ constipationHistory of stressNo abnormalities on colonoscopy
367
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob?
Prion induced disease, death within 1 year, post cornea transplant
368
What bug causes Acute Bacterial Endocarditis?
Staphylococcus aureus (attacks healthy valves)
369
What are the spore forming Gram-positive bacteria?
BacillusClostridium
370
What is the function of B-HCG?
Maintains Corpus Luteum, sensitizes TSH receptors to make body hyperthyroid (to raise BMR)
371
What disease has Iridocyclitis?
Juvenile TA
372
What is the Rapid Acting Insulin drug?
Regular Insulin
373
What are the Class IB antiarrhythmic?
Lidocaine, Mexiletine, Tocainide
374
What is Sarcoma Botryoides?
Vaginal CA, looks like a ball of grapes
375
What is Hidradenoma?
Sweat gland cysts
376
What is Variable Deceleration?
Cord Compression
377
What is a Traction Diverticulum?
Out pouch between the UES and LES
378
What are the adverse of Methyldopa?
Sedation and Hemolytic Anemia(+) Coombs test
379
What is Intellectualization?
Act like a "know it all" to avoid feeling situational emotions, gets all information available to be over-informed
380
What bugs cause Monocytosis?
"STELS"S - SyphilisT - TBE - EBVL - ListeriaS - Salmonella
381
What is Spina bifida occulta?
Covered by skin with a tuft of hair
382
What is PKU?
No Phe -> Tyr (via decreased Tetrahydrobiopterin Cofactor or decreased Phe Hydroxylase)NutraSweet (Aspartame) sensitivitymental retardationpaleblond hairblue eyesmusty odor
383
What is Wright's Stain?
Detects nucleated fetal RBC in mom's vagina
384
What is Hemophilia A?
Defective Factor VIII (<40% Activity)Bleed into cavities (head, abd, etc)
385
What hepatitis B labs indicate infectious state?
HBeAg+
386
What organ has the highest AVO2 Difference at rest?
heart
387
What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
Pompous, no empathy, thinks they deserve everything
388
What does a Carboxylase do?
Transfers CO2 groups with the help of Biotin
