Competency 21: History Flashcards
Native American Groups of the Western Hemisphere
Incas, Mayas & Aztecs
Incas
ruled Ecuador to northern Chile.
Aztecs
Dominated northern Mexico
Mayas
Lived in the rainforests of Guatemala
Native American Groups of Texas
Caddo, Coahuiltecans, Karankawas, Tonkawa, Lipan Apache, Comanche, Kiowa, Pueblo, Jumano, Concho, Tigua
Caddo
Gulf Coastal Plains native American group. Built the first buildings in Texas-beehive shaped huts made from wooden frames with grass or reeds; also known for advanced farming methods.
Karankawas
Gulf Coastal Plains native American group. Created dugout canoes, small ships carved from the trunks of trees. Dependent on fishing.
Coahuiltecans
Gulf Coastal Plains native American group. Nomadic hunters and trappers, enslaved Cabeza de Vaca and other Spanish explorers.
Lipan Apaches and Comanche
Plains nation native American group. Buffalo hunters who tamed wild mustangs, becoming skilled horsemen.
Pueblo
Mountains and Basins native American group. Sedentary tribe. Built elaborate homes and cities using adobe bricks.
French colonial claims in Americas
Claimed land in Canada, around the Great Lakes, and all along the Mississippi River.
Spanish colonial claims in Americas
Claimed territory that is now Texas, New Mexico, and Central & South America.
English colonial claims in Americas
Established colonies in the Caribbean, and 13 colonies along the east coast of America.
Reasons for European Exploration
To locate a new passage to the Far East (for trade).
To map uncharted areas.
To find treasure (gold, silver, gems, artifacts) .
To claim new lands and set up colonies.
To convert people to Christianity.
Columbus
(1492,1493,1498)
Led expeditions to South America for Spain.
Landed in South America.
Opened cultural exchange between the east and the west (Columbian exchange).
De Pineda
(1519)
Led first expedition into Texas.
Explored Gulf Coasts for Spain (Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, and Mexico)
De Vaca
(1527-1535)
Part of a Spanish mission to claim land along the Gulf, he became stranded in Florida when his ships did not return from a supply run to Cuba.
Built rafts and skirted the coast, eventually wrecking near East Island, Louisiana; continued on foot with a slave called Esteban, eventually coming to Texas.
Encountered Caddo Indians near Houston; impressed with their sophistication and tales of wealth inland, he mapped and wrote about area, creating our first written record of America.
His tales of Cibola, fabled city of gold, influenced subsequent explorers.
Coronado
(1540-1542) Sent by Spain to find fabled city of gold Traveled much of Tx panhandle 1st Europeans to see Palo Duro Canyon went home empty handed
La Salle
(1682-1685)
French explorer who led expedition in 1682 from a French colony in Canada down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming land for France on both sides of the river.
In 1684, led another expedition from France to start a colony at the mouth of Mississippi, sailed past it and mistakenly landed in Texas.
Built 1st French colony in Texas, Ft. St. Louis, near Galveston.
Jamestown, Virginia
(1607)
First permanent English colony. In less than 6 months, more than half of the settlers had died from disease, starvation, and attacks from Natives.
Plymouth, Massachusetts
(1620)
Pilgrims set up a strict, parochial colony of Puritans.
Rhode Island
Roger Williams set up colony that advocated religious freedom for all, including indians.
Pennsylvania
William Penn established a colony for Quakers. Opposed violence, slavery, and war, and advocated religious tolerance for all.
William Bradford
2nd governor of Plymouth colony. Ordered 1st Thanksgiving in 1621, sharing harvest with the Wampanoag Indians.
Roger Williams
Banished from Plymouth colony, advocated religious freedom, established Rhode Island colony.
John Smith
Established trade relations with the Powhatan Indians;bargained for food for starving Plymouth settlers.
Pocahontas
Daughter of the Chief of the Powhatan Indians. Convinced father to spare John Smith & help the settlers.
John Rolfe
Member of Jamestown, began tobacco industry in America; married Pocahontas and brought her to England ensuring peace with the Powhatan Indians.
Squanto
A Pawtuxet Indian who taught the Plymouth Pilgrims how to hunt, fish, and grow crops.
The Mayflower Compact
An agreement written on the Mayflower which carried the Pilgrims to America. Established the governing laws of the new colonies.
Spanish Missions were built to…
Solidify Spain’s territorial claims
Open and protect trade routes
Spread Christian faith to natives
provide safe center for working and learning
French & Indian War
(1754-1763)
Conflict between British & French colonies, instigated issues between the colonists & England, which eventually led to the American Revolution.
Most Native Americans sided with the French, fearing the British would take their homeland.
The British won.
Causes of the French & Indian War
Britain and France were at war, causing conflict between their colonies in America.
The British colonies wanted land owned by the French colonists -for fur trading.
Results of the French & Indian War
France lost the majority of its territory & power in North America.
Englands land expanded to include all of the French lands east of the Mississippi river, except New Orleans, which became Spanish territory
Spain’s holdings expanded to include all of the French territory west of the Mississippi River, and New Orleans.
England tightened its hold on the colonies, restricting freedom and levying large taxes to help offset the costs of the war.
The American Revolution
(1776-1785)
Conflict between England & American colonists, aided by France over taxation without representation. In 1781, British general Cornwallis surrendered to Washington after the Battle of Yorktown. War officially ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
Causes of American Revolution
Progressively direct, internal taxes were levied against the colonists in order to provide support to mother England. In order to keep peace with the Natives, Parliament passed The Proclamation of 1763, pissing colonists off.
In 1765, the Stamp Act was passed, which levied taxes against the colonists on almost everything printed on paper. This law united colonists against British rule.
Parliament passed the Townshend Acts in 1767, which taxed items. colonists refused to buy them.
In 1768, Boston Massacre fueled fires for colonial independence.
Tea Act of 1773, forbade colonists from buying non-english tea. Dec. 16th-Boston Tea Party.
England punished colonists by passing more rigid laws, causing revolt. Colonists dubbed new laws “Intolerable Acts” and held 1st & 2nd continental congresses.
Began to form continental army, led by George Washington.
Results of American Revolution
The colonies became an independent nation, the USA.
Britain recognized the new country and gave up rights to the land east of the Mississippi River, to Canada in the north, and Florida in the south.
A new government was elected.
The Declaration of Independence
Stated that governments must recognize civil rights. Governments are formed to protect their citizens’ rights. Spelled out the insults, abuse, taxation, issues, and other problems colonists had under British rule.
Stated colonists intent to form a new government.
The Articles of Confederation
First American Constitution.
Provided for a government with no monarch.
A weak central government and stronger state governments.
Each state decided for itself, and issues that affected sll were decided by a majority vote.
The Constitution
The highest law in the US.
Provides for citizens to elect their representing officials.
Provides for the sharing of power between state and national governments.
Designated branches of government- legislative (congress), executive (president), and judicial (the supreme court).
Delineates a system of checks and balances, whereby each branch can be controlled by the other 2 branches.
The Bill of Rights
Safeguards the rights of the people.
Guarantees basic rights - freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion.
The War of 1812
War fought between Britain and US. During the war, the British captured and burned Washington, D.C. though the US eventually won. Set the stage for other nations to recognize the US as a viable, independent country.
Causes of War of 1812
England & France were capturing US ships and interfering with trade.
US believed England was still interfering with the colonies as well as providing weapons to the natives.
US wanted to take new territories- Canada and Florida.
Results of War of 1812
England recognized US boundaries.
American industry flourished because Americans had to make their own goods as opposed to relying on imports from England.
The US became recognized by other countries.
Manifest Destiny
Belief that encompassed the idea that America was destined by God to encompass the land from the east coast to the Pacific ocean.
Louisiana Purchase
(1803)
Jefferson purchased French lands west of the Mississippi from Napoleon.
Lewis & Clark Expedition
(1804-1806)
Explorers sent to find a water route from the source of the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean; mapped much of Continental US, made trade relations with the Native Americans living there and paved the way for the westward expansion.
Sacajawea
(1805)
Shoshone Indian who served as a guide and translator for Lewis & Clark.
Florida Purchase
(1819)
Florida purchased from Spain.
The Trail of Tears
(1830-1832)
Removed Native Americans from the ancestral homes onto government reservations. Many died.
Texas joined the Union
(1845)
Including parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming.
Oregan Territory
(1846)
Washington, Oregan,Idaho and most of Montana.
Mexican land acquisition from Mexican-American War
(1848)
California, Arizona, Utah, Nevada
Mexico land purchase
(1853)
The southern parts of New Mexico and Arizona.
Homestead Act of 1862
Gave land to any settler who lived and farmed it for 5 years. Instrumental in the settlement of central and western regions of the US
Alaska
(1867)
Purchased from Russia
Hawaii
(1898)
Annexed by the US
Texas Revolution
(1820-1840)
1821 (Texas Revolution)
Stephen F. Austin (father of Texas), brought white, American settlers to Texas.
1830 (TX REV)
Mexico refused to allow any more US settlers into the territory, creating tension & cry for independence.
1835 (TX REV)
Tx. Revolution began with the Battle of Gonzalez.
1836 (TX REV)
Tx Declaration of Independence was created & issued.
Battle of the Alamo; 5,000 Mexican soldiers attacked and killed 186 Texans, including William B. Travis, David Crockett, and Jim Bowie.
Massacre at Goliad- 300-400 Texas soldiers taken prisoner by the Mexican army. Later paraded through the streets & killed.
General Sam Houston defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.
The Republic of TX, an independent country was formed & the Tx. Constitution was written.
1845 (TX)
Texas joined the US
New Tx constitution written.
Stephen F. Austin
The father of Texas, brought settlers to Texas.
Sam Houston
1st general of tx. army. first President of the Republic of Texas.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Mexican general who led the assault against Tx. army and later President of Mexico (1833)
William B. Travis
Commader of the Alamo
James Bowie & David Crockett
Important statesmen who fought and died at the Alamo.
The Mexican War
(1846-1848)
President Polk pushed to buy more Mexican land (manifest destiny). US won after taking Mexico City.
Causes of Mexican War
Mexico was against Texas joining the Union
Disputes regarding southern border of Texas (US claimed it was the Rio Grande, Mexico claimed it was the Nueces River)
US wanted more land, which Mexico refused to sell.
Results of Mexican War
Mexico agreed that southern border was Rio Grande.
Mexico sold the US California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado & Wyoming.
US size & power increased.
Causes of Civil War
(1861-1865)
Slavery
Northern (industrial) vs. southern (agricultural) ways of life.
free labor (slaves) vs. paid labor
States’ rights- North held that no state could secede, while the South felt individual states could vote to do so.
Results of Civil War
Slavery ended though blacks were not given equal rights. They could not vote, join their state army, serve on a jury, or testify against whites in court.
Secession was no longer allowed.
US government was reconstructed to change civil rights and citizenship laws.
The compromise of 1820 & 1860
Decided if new states joining the union would be free states or slave states;attempted to balance those for & against the issue in Congress.
The Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott, a slave who had moved with his master to the free state of Illinois, sued for his freedom. Supreme court decided that because he was property, he could not sue for his freedom.
1860 (CW)
Secession begins. South Carolina was the first to secede
1861 (CW)
South fires on Fort Sumter, Civil War begins.
Battle of Bull Run-1st major land battle of Civil War.
1862 (CW)
Battle of Antietam- 1st major land battle to take place in the north.
1863 (CW)
Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln declared all slaves free.
Battle of Gettysburg- bloodiest battle of the war, turning point for the North.
1864 (CW)
Shermans army burns Atlanta.
Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox
1865 (CW)
Lincoln assasinated
Battle of Vicksburg (CW)
A small band of Texans held a pass against an entire platoon of northern soldiers, took the entire platoon hostage, and took their weapons. Few battles fought on Texas soil.
Reconstruction
13th amendment passed, outlawing slavery
freedman’s bureau created to help newly freed slaves with food, housing, and employment.
Civil Rights Act of 1866 gave citizenship to all people born in US.
Men from confederacy required to take an oath of loyalty to union.
14th amendment passed, giving citizenship rights to freed slaves.
15th amendment passed, giving voting rights to all male citizens over 21, including freed slaves.
Jim Crow Laws passed by southern states legalized segregation
Ku Klux Klan- secret society of white supremacists was formed.
Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction.
Spanish American War
(1898)
Spain & US fought in the Philippines & Cuba.
Causes of Spanish American War
The Maine, a USS battleship was mysteriously sunk near Cuba. Cuba was engaged in battle for independence from France. Many Americans felt we should support the Cuban freedom efforts, others felt the US should take over Cuba as many American businesses had holdings there. Two major newspapers in NY sensationalized the sinking of the Maine, which stirred Americans for War.
Results of Spanish American War
Cuba gained limited independence from Spain.
US gained territory, including Guam, Puerto Rico, and Philippines.
US became recognized leader in international affairs.
World War I
(1914-1918)
The war to end all wars. Involved several countries from all over the world. US joined the war in 1917.
Causes of WWI
European industrial countries had large world empires, competitive, and wanted to increase their holdings.
Countries formed alliances
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austrian-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo.
Austria declared war on Serbia, which triggered WWI.
US was neutral at the start, but declared war on Germany when their u-boats sank the Lustiana.
Germany was held responsible for starting the war. they declared war on Russia & France & invaded Belgium.
Results of WWI
Ended with the Treaty of Versailles, a harsh agreement that punished Germans.
Germans lost territory to Belgium, Denmark, France & Poland.
Size of Germany’s army was reduced
Germany was forbidden to have submarines and aircraft
Germany was fined $33 million in damages to other nations (which they never paid)
League of Nations was formed.
League of Nations
President Woodrow Wilson founded after WWI to foster peace among nations of the world.
Solved some disputes and prevented war, but eventually failed because it required all nation members agree, which rarely happened, and it had no military force to enforce its decisions.
19th Amendment
(1920) Granted women right to vote
WWII
(1939-1945)
Nazi Germany invaded and conquered one nation after another in Europe. US remained neutral until December 7, 1941, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
Causes of WWII
Germany, Italy, and Japan were led by Dictators. Treaty of Versailles left Germany financially devastated. Axis countries wanted to conquer neighboring countries.
Results of WWI
Economic hardship for most countries as a result of vast expenditures related to the war.
Millions of Europeans lost their homes.
Japan created a new constitution and built a more democratic government.
Germany was segregated into four parts. Three segments became West Germany, an independent democracy, and the last become Communist East Germany.
UN was formed.
US & Soviet Union became world superpowers
The Holocaust
German-led genocide of 11 million people, mostly Jews.
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941. Japan bombed US forces at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki
August 6, 1945, US dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. On August 9, 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan.
These attacks ended the war. Japan surrendered on September 2.
Douglas MacArthur
Commander of the US forces in the Pacific.
Robert Oppenheimer
Leader of the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bomb.
FDR
Only US present to serve 4 terms
Harry Truman
VP, became P when FDR died. Ordered bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki.
Korean War
(1950-1953)
After WWII, Korea divided into two countries, one democratic and one communist. At the request of the UN, the US supplied aid to democratic South Korea.
Causes of Korean War
North Korea attempted to take over South Korea.
UN demanded withdrawal, refused.
UN sent troops & supplied from 15 allied countries to support South Korea.
Results of Korean War
No declared victor. Korea remains divided.
UN cease-fire agreement signed by North Korea in 1953.
Vietnam War
(1957-1975)
War between Communist North Vietnam & democratic South Vietnam. US supported South with weapons & troops.
In 1973, the US withdrew due to America’s anti-war sentiments.
Causes of Vietnam War
North Vietnam wanted to take over south and be one country under communist rule.
The US wanted to stop the spread of Communism.
Results of Vietnam War
Korea became united with Communist North Korea in control.
Million refugees left Vietnam, many settling in US
Brown v. Board of Education
(1954)
Supreme court ruling called for desegregation of school.
Emmett Till’s Murder
(1955)
Teenage African American boy was beaten ad murdered for whistling at a white woman.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
(1955-1956)
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus to a white person and was arrested. Black leaders organized boycott of bus system which lasted 381 days, until segregation ordinance removed.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Civil Rights Leader advocated peaceful demonstration for civic change. Assassinated in 1968 in Memphis.
Persian Gulf War
(1991)
US fought against Iraq when they illegally invaded Kuwair at request of UN with 30 member countries.
Causes of Gulf War
Iraq wanted to take over Kuwait’s oil fields, and wanted access to Persian Gulf for oil transport.
Iraq conquered Kuwait to be part of their country.
Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein wanted control of Muslim world.
Results of Gulf War
Iraq was defeated and its army was reduced.
Economic hardship was created for Iraqi people due to trade sanctions imposed after the war.
Iraqi people due to trade sanctions imposed after the war.
Hussein remained in power, and rebuilt his forces.
The UN cease-fire agreement called for Iraq to allow UN inspectors to look for and destroy Iraqi weapons of mass destruction.
