Competencies

Question 1

Leadership approach in which the leader creates strong relationships with and inside the team; team members are motivated by loyalty.

Answer 1

affiliative leadership approach

Question 2

motivation theory that states that the way a person interprets the causes for past success or failure is related to the present level of motivation; includes Heider and Weiner

Answer 2

attribution theory

Question 3

leadership approach in which the leader proposes a bold vision or solution and invites the team to join this challenge

Answer 3

authoritative leadership approach

Question 4

leadership approach in which the leader focuses on developing team members’ skills, believing that success comes from aligning the organization’s goals with employees’ personal and professional goals

Answer 4

coaching leadership approach

Question 5

leadership approach in which the leader imposes a vision or solution on the team and demands that the team follow this directive

Answer 5

coercive leadership approach

Question 6

leadership approach in which the leader invites followers to collaborate and commits to acting by consensus

Answer 6

democratic leadership approach

Question 7

leadership theory that states that leaders are not appointed but emerge from the group, which chooses the leader based on interactions

Answer 7

emergent theory

Question 8

theory that states that motivation is based on an employee’s sense of fairness

Answer 8

equity theory

Question 9

theory that states effort increases in relation to one’s confidence that the behavior will result in a positive outcome and reward

Answer 9

expectancy theory

Question 10

Power that is created by the force of the leader’s personality.

Answer 10

referent power

Question 11

Power that is created when the leader can offer followers something they value in exchange for their commitment.

Answer 11

reward power

Question 12

Motivation theories dealing with the amount of control in the workplace; motivation is seen as either absolutely irrelevant or absolutely critical.

Answer 12

theory x/theory y

Question 13

leadership theory that emphasizes a leader’s preference for order and structure, focus on control and short-term planning

Answer 13

transactional leadership

Question 14

leadership theory that emphasizes a leader’s ability to inspire employees to embrace change

Answer 14

transformational leadership

Question 15

Process in which negotiators aim for mutual gain, emphasizing the need to focus on the problem instead of personal differences and on mutually beneficial outcomes.

Answer 15

principled negotiation

Question 16

concept that proposes that any organization operates within a complex environment in which it affects and is affected by a variety of forces or stakeholders who all share in the value of the organization and its activities

Answer 16

stakeholder concept

Question 17

Legal system based on written codes (laws, rules, or regulations).

Answer 17

civil law

Question 18

legal system in which each case is considered in terms of how it relates to legal decisions that have already been made, evolves through judicial decisions over time

Answer 18

common law

Question 19

Societies or groups characterized by complex, usually long-standing networks of relationships; members share a rich history of common experience, so the way they interact and interpret events is often not apparent to outsiders.

Answer 19

high-context cultures

Question 20

Societies in which relationships have less history; individuals know each other less well and don’t share a common database of experience, so communication must be very explicit.

Answer 20

low-context cultures

Question 21

concept that stipulates that no individual is beyond the reach of the law and that authority is exercised only in accordance with written and publicly disclosed laws

Answer 21

rule of law

Question 22

Performance management tool that depicts an organization’s overall performance, as measured against goals, lagging indicators, and leading indicators.

Answer 22

balanced scorecard

Question 23

ratio of gross profit to net sales

Answer 23

gross profit margin

Question 24

ratio of net income (gross sales minus expenses and taxes) to net sales

Answer 24

net profit margin

Question 25

process by which an organization creates the product or service it offers to the customer

Answer 25

value chain

Question 26

Tool designed to analyze the forces favoring and opposing a particular change; a group identifies and weights factors that could influence an outcome in either a negative or positive manner according to their possible impact and then uses these factors to score different opportunities.

Answer 26

force-field analysis

Question 27

Visualization of the impact of change on productivity. When change is introduced, there is typically a decrease in productivity and then a gradual return to or, ideally, a surpassing of previous levels of productivity.

Answer 27

j curve

Question 28

Visualization of the impact of change on productivity. When change is introduced, there is typically a decrease in productivity and then a gradual return to or, ideally, a surpassing of previous levels of productivity.

Answer 28

SOAR analysis

Question 29

data-sorting technique in which a group categorizes and subcategorizes data until relationships are clearly drawn

Answer 29

affinity diagramming

Question 30

technique that progressively collects information from a group of anonymous respondents

Answer 30

Delphi technique

Question 31

average score or value

Answer 31

mean

Question 32

middle value in a range of value

Answer 32

median

Question 33

data sorting technique in which group members add related ideas and indicate logical connections, eventually grouping similar ideas

Answer 33

mind mapping

Question 34

value that occurs most frequently

Answer 34

mode

Question 35

Technique in which participants each suggest ideas through a series of rounds and then discuss the items, eliminate redundancies and irrelevancies, and agree on the importance of the remaining items.

Answer 35

nominal group technique (NGT)

Question 36

subjective evaluation of actions, feelings, or behaviors

Answer 36

qualitative data

Question 37

objective measurements that can be verified and used in statistical analysis

Answer 37

quantitative data

Question 38

comparing sizes of two variables to produce an index or percentage, commonly used to analyze financial statements

Answer 38

ratio analysis

Question 39

statistical method used to determine whether a relationship exists between variables and the strength of the relationship

Answer 39

regression analysis

Question 40

Type of analysis that starts with a result and then works backward to identify fundamental cause.

Answer 40

root-cause analysis

Question 41

Statistical method used to test the possible effects of altering the details of a strategy to see if the likely outcome can be improved.

Answer 41

scenario/what-if analysis

Question 42

Statistical method for identifying the degree of difference between planned and actual performance or outcomes.

Answer 42

variance analysis

Question 43

average of data that adds factors to reflect the importance of different values

Answer 43

weighted mean