Competence I: Ch 9 & 17

Question 1

Single Subject Design

Answer 1

longitudinal perspective, IV can be manipulated or observed. Goal of research can focus on either testing or generating hypotheses. (testing a theory or discovering new information) three types: uncontrolled case study, intensive single subject quantitative design & single subject experimental design

Question 2

Uncontrolled Case Study

Answer 2

does not contain systematic observations but contains many uncontrolled variables

Question 3

Intensive Single Subject Design

Answer 3

systematic, repeated, and mupltiple observations of a client, dyad, or group to identify and compare relationships among variables (IV observed NOT manipulated)

Question 4

Single Subject Experimental Design

Answer 4

manipulation of the IV, 1. Specification of treatment goal, 2. Repeated measurement of DV over time 3. Treatment phases 4. Stability of the baseline

Question 5

Longitudinal Perspective

Answer 5

examining variables that vary within the subject over time; achieved by repeated observations or measurements of the variables.

Question 6

Quantitative Observations

Answer 6

categorical, ordinal interval or ratio data

Question 7

Qualitative data

Answer 7

form of text

Question 8

Stable Baseline Data

Answer 8

change cannot be detected after onset of an intervention if baseline is unstable before ascribe causality must obtain accurate and stable assessment of DV before introduction of IV.

Question 9

Repeated Measurement of Dependent Variable over time

Answer 9

When trying to help client engage in less neative thoughts, measurement occur on weekly or daily basis. IV is the treatment or intervention, DV number of self blaming thoughts recorded (single subject experimental design)

Question 10

Treatment PHase

Answer 10

each represents a different experimental condition. One method of phase specification is to identify a baseline and a treatment phase. Second method is defining time periods random assignment of different treatments to different time periods. Changing from one phase to another to demonstrate change due to onset of IV or intervention. (SS Experimental design)

Question 11

AB Designs and Threats to internal validity

Answer 11

two phase experiment A is baseline period and B is intervention phase with multiple observations taken at each phase. Multiple observations referred to as time series format provide greater stability over time. The subject serves as own control comparison (SS Experimental Design). Researcher cannot eliminate or rule out threats to internal validity from history or maturation as possible explanations for results. ABAB designs used to control for these weaknesses.

Question 12

ABAB Design

Answer 12

Four phase experiment (reversal design) examines effect of treatment by either presenting or withdrawing the variable during different phases to provide unambigous evidence of the causal effect of the IV. If behavior at A2 doesn’t revert to baseline levels then causal relationship between IV and DV cannot be inferred. Limits: possibly carryover effects, unethical, and assumptions of statistics assume independent observations not the case here)

Question 13

Multiple Baselines

Answer 13

data are recorded on more than one DV or target behavior simulatenously. Two ore more data collection baselines on different Depenent measures. Attempts to determine causality by idnetifying changes in some but not all of the multiple dependent measures. Problem: possible nonindependence of dvs,

Question 14

Analogue Research

Answer 14

research that is conducted under conditions that resembel or approximate the therapeutic situation. Strengths experimental control and internal validity, weakness external validity (generalizability)

Question 15

Experimental Simulation

Answer 15

a counseling analogue is an experimental simulation of some aspect of the counseling process involving namipulation of some aspcts of the process.

Question 16

Generalizability of Analogue Studies

Answer 16

disadvantage of analogue research is that it has low generalizability of research findings or external validity.

Question 17

Effect Sizes

Answer 17

Test of statistical significance assesses the reliability of the relationship between IV and DV (pvalues) by assessing the strenthg of the relationships. Effect size provides information about the magnitude of the effects whereas the significance test only indicate that there is an effect but not how much of an effect (reported as small, medium, and high)

Question 18

Eta square

Answer 18

effect size found after conducting an ANOVA, indicates variance in DV attributable to all IVs together.

Question 19

Partial Eta square

Answer 19

indicates the percent of variance in the DV attributable to a particular IV. If model has more than one IV report partial eta square for each.

Question 20

Cohen’s d

Answer 20

Statistical difference between 2 means in standard deviation units, used for ttest and ANOVA results or meta analyses

Question 21

R squared

Answer 21

variance or effecti size found when conducting a regression analysis

Question 22

Cohen’s benchmarks

Answer 22

Small .2, moderate .5, large .8; effect size categories

Question 23

Liu & Baker

Answer 23

experimental single subject design; ABA design

Question 24

Chapman et al.

Answer 24

variables observed NOT manipulated; challenge could not establish true baseline due to ethics; Intensive single subject quantitative design (AB) viewing effect of performance as expected to perform in class; Limitation: external validity- solution replication with same study)