Compendium 4 - Why do we breathe?

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

• respiration: taking in O2, breathing out CO2
• pulmonary ventillation: movement of air in and out of lungs
• external respiration: gas exchange between lungs and blood
• transport of respiratory gases via bloodstream
• internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues

Question 2

Functions of the respiratory system

Answer 2

• respiration
• regulation of blood pH
• voice production
• olfaction

Question 3

Structural classification of the respiratory system

Answer 3

• upper respiratory tract: nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx

- lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchi, lungs

Question 4

Functional classification of the respiratory system

Answer 4

• conducting zone: from nose to bronchi, this zone warms and cleans the air entering the respiratory tract
• respiratory zone: in the lungs, where gas exchange takes place between blood and lungs

Question 5

Nose and nasal cavity

Answer 5

- the beginning of the conducting zone 
consists of:
- external nose
- nasal cavity (starts from nostrils to choana)
- vestibule
- hard and soft palates
- septum
- concha
- choana
- meatus

Question 6

External nose

Answer 6

• stratified squamous epithelium

- made of bone and cartliage

Question 7

Vestibule

Answer 7

• stratified squamous epithelium
• sweat and sebaceous glands
• entry to nasal cavity
• has hair follicles

Question 8

Hard palate

Answer 8

• floor of nasal cavity

Question 9

Septum

Answer 9

• separates nasal cavity into left and right halves

- anterior part is made of cartliage, posterior part is made of bone

Question 10

Concha

Answer 10

• bony ridges in the nasal cavity (suprerior, middle, inferior)
• psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 11

Meatus

Answer 11

• passageway underneath the concha
• there are several ridges in the concha and meatus for greater surface area and to come in contact with mucosa more often and filter air

Question 12

Functions of nasal cavity

Answer 12

• passageway for air
• cleans aire (cilia catches foreign particles to remove them)
• warms air to body temperatre (done by warm blood)
• humidifies air via moisture from mucosa
• olfaction
• resonating chamber for speech

Question 13

Pharynx

Answer 13

• the throat, extends from choana to larynx

- nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 14

Nasopharynx

Answer 14

• posterior to nasal cavity
• psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• houses the openings of eustachian tubes
• contains pharyngeal tonsils

Question 15

Oropharynx

Answer 15

• back of oral cavity
• stratified squamous
• palantine (sides of mouth) and lingual tonsils (posterior mouth)

Question 16

Larynx

Answer 16

• from base of tongue to trachea
• voice box; passageway for air only
• made of 9 cartilage pieces (held by muscles and ligaments)
• 6 paired, 3 unpaired

Question 17

6 paired cartilage pieces

Answer 17

• arytenoid
• corniculate
• cuneiform

these are on the left and right sides

Question 18

3 unpaired cartilage pieces

Answer 18

• thyroid (Adam’s apple)
• cricoid
• epiglottis

Question 19

Functions of the layrnx

Answer 19

• maintains an open passageway for air movement
• directs food into oseophagus and away from respiratory tract
• sound production via air moving past vocal cords
• traps debris with cilia to stop it entering the lungs

Question 20

Trachea

Answer 20

• anterior to oseophagus
• inferior to larynx
• 15 - 20 hyaline cartilage rings for support
• no cartilage in the back of the trachea to allow oseophagus to expand while eating
• dense connective tissue and smooth muscle in between cartilage rings
• psuedostratified cililated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (cells that produce mucous)

Question 21

Tracheobronchial tree

Answer 21

• respiratory passage from trachea to terminal bronchioles

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