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Human Structure and Function > Compendium 1 - What is life? > Flashcards

Compendium 1 - What is life? Flashcards

1
Q

Function of serous membranes

A
  • serous membranes line the cavities in the trunk of the body and cover the organs within these cavities
  • parietal layers line the trunk cavity
  • visceral layers line organs
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2
Q

Locations of serous membranes

A
  • pericardium&raquo_space; heart
  • pleura&raquo_space; lungs and thoracic cavity
  • peritoneum&raquo_space; abdominopelvic cavity
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3
Q

Properties of serous membranes

A
  • have parietal and visceral layers

* there is lubrication between the two layers which is important for organs that move (no friction)

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4
Q

Why we divide the abdomen into quadrants and regions

A
  • the abdomen is quite large, and dividing it into sections can make it easier to refer to different organs and to examine and study the abdomen
  • helpful for clinical reasons
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5
Q

Quadrants of the abdomen (left to right)

A
  • right upper
  • left upper
  • right lower
  • left lower
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6
Q

Regions of the abdomen (left to right)

A
  • right hypochondriac
  • epigastric
  • left hypochondriac
  • right lumbar
  • umbilical
  • left lumbar
  • right iliac
  • hypogastric
  • left iliac
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7
Q

Anterior cavities of the trunk

A
  • thoracic
  • abdominal
  • pelvic
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8
Q

Pelvic cavity

A
  • contains urinary bladder, parts of large intestine and reproductive organs
  • not physically separated from abdominal cavity, but is enclosed by pelvic bones
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9
Q

Abdominal cavity

A
  • largest cavity in the body
  • separated from thoracic cavity by the diaphragm
  • enclosed from the front by abdominal muscles
  • contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas and kidneys
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10
Q

Thoracic cavity

A
  • contains mediastinum (heart, thymus, oesophagus, trachea, blood vessels, nerves)
  • also contains lungs
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11
Q

Anatomical directional terms (10 of them)

A
  • superior: towards head (cephalic or cranial)
  • inferior: towards feet (caudal)
  • anterior: towards front (ventral)
  • posterior: towards back (dorsal)
  • proximal: near to point of attachment of limb
  • distal: far from point of attachment of limb
  • medial: towards vertical midline of body
  • lateral: away from midline
  • superficial: close to the surface of
  • deep: towards the interior of
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12
Q

Planes (3 of them)

A
  • sagittal (median): dividing body into left and right portions
  • frontal (coronal): dividing body into anterior and posterior portions
  • transverse (horizontal): dividing body into superior and inferior portions
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13
Q

Six levels of organisation

A
  1. chemical level (e.g. atoms of elements)
  2. cellular level (e.g. cells and organelles)
  3. tissue level (e.g. connective)
  4. organ level (e.g. stomach)
  5. organ system level (e.g. respiratory)
  6. organism (combination of systems, e.g. human)
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14
Q

Characteristics of a living organism

A
  • organisation
  • metabolism
  • responsiveness
  • growth
  • development
  • reproduction
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15
Q

Purpose of anatomical position

A
  • it gives a point of reference to describe different parts of the body
  • it is easy to describe the locations of different parts of the body using the anatomical terminology whilst in the anatomical position
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16
Q

Anatomy

A

• a discipline that investigates the structure of body parts and how they relate to each other

17
Q

Physiology

A

• the study of the function of living things

18
Q

Levels of anatomy

A
  • gross anatomy (macroscopic)
  • surface
  • microscopic
  • developmental
19
Q

Gross anatomy (macroscopic)

A
  • structures that can be examined without a microscope
  • systemic: studying the body system by system
  • regional: studying the body by area
20
Q

Surface anatomy

A
  • the study of the external body in relation to deeper structures (macroscopic)
  • e.g. sternum and ribs can be seen from the outside of the body, and this can be a “landmark” to identify other structures inside body
21
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

• study of structures that are examined with a microscope (e.g. cytology, histology)

22
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

• the study of structural changes in the body throughout the lifespan

23
Q

Homeostasis

A

• maintaining a constant internal environment

24
Q

Why we need serous membranes in the body

A
  • to hold organs in place
  • reduce friction of organs rubbing against each other
  • fluids reduce this friction
25
Q

Different levels of physiology

A
  • molecular
  • cellular
  • systemic
  • neurophysiology
  • renal
  • cardiovascular …
26
Q

Characteristics of anatomical position

A
  • standing erect
  • face directed forward
  • upper limbs by sides
  • palms facing outwards
27
Q

Supine and prone

A
  • supine: lying face upward

* prone: lying face downward

Human Structure and Function (4 decks)

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