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Human Structure and Function > Compendium 2 - How do cells do what they do? > Flashcards

Compendium 2 - How do cells do what they do? Flashcards

1
Q

Organelles of a cell

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoskeleton
  • nucleus and nucleolus
  • ribosomes
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • mitochondria
  • centrosome
  • flagella
  • microvilli
  • cytoplasm and cytosol
  • endoplasmic reticulum
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2
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • encloses and supports cellular contents
  • composed of a lipid bilayer with phospholipids, cholesterol and some proteins embedded in the membrane
  • controls entry and exit of substances, have a function in intercellular communication, cell recognition
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3
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • provides shape and strength

* supports cell and organelles

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4
Q

Nucleus

A
  • control centre of the cell, contains genetic information (DNA)
  • regulates protein synthesis and chemical reactions of the cell
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5
Q

Nucleolus

A

•produces ribosomes

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

• involved in protein synthesis

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7
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

• modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids for use within the cell, or to secrete them

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8
Q

Lysosomes

A

• vesicles with digestive enzymes that dispose of cellular waste

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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

• site of ATP synthesis, produces energy for the cell (when oxygen is available)

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10
Q

Centrosome

A
  • where centrioles are found
  • centrioles form the basal bodies of cilia and flagella
  • centrioles assist in cell division (mitosis and meiosis)
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11
Q

Flagella

A

• one long extension of the plasma membrane which propels to move a cell (in humans, this is only found in sperm cells)

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12
Q

Microvilli

A

• increase the surface area of the plasma membrane for greater absorption and secretion

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13
Q

Cytoplasm and cytosol

A

• cytoplasm: thick fluid that all organelles are contained in, made of cytosol
• cytosol: the fluid portion of cytoplasm (ions and proteins in water)
- includes cytoplasmic inclusions (aggregates of chemicals) and cytoskeleton

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14
Q

Rough ER

A
  • involved in manufacturing and modifying proteins

* transports proteins to golgi

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15
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • produces steroids, fats and carbs
  • involved in detoxification
  • converts glycogen to glucose
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16
Q

What makes up the environment of a cell

A
  • intracellular fluid: fluid inside the cell
  • extracellular fluid: fluid outside of the cell
  • intercellular fluid: fluid in between cells
  • similar cells will surround a cell, making up part of their environment
  • cell environment depends on cell type (e.g. stomach cells are surrounded by acid)
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17
Q

What happens to a cell if an organelle stops working

A

• if one organelle stopped working, the whole function of the cell would be disrupted

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18
Q

Are all the cells in the body the same

A
  • yes, because most cells have a similar structure and the same organelles which have the same functions
  • no, because different cells have different roles (e.g. cells in heart will have more ATP because they need more energy to keep pumping than other cells)
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19
Q

4 primary tissues

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscular
  • nervous
20
Q

Functions and characteristics of epithelia

A
  • covers and protects
  • distinct cell surfaces
  • avascular but innervated
  • has the ability to regenerate
21
Q

Location of epithelial tissues

A
  • lungs, tubules of kidneys, serous membranes, Fallopian tubes, bladder
  • almost every organ
22
Q

Types of cell surface modifications in epithelia

A
  • cilia: move substances across the surface of the cell

* microvilli: assist with absorption and secretion

23
Q

Simple squamous epithelia

A

• simple squamous: one layer of thin, flat cell

  • involved in diffusion, filtration and some secretion
  • found in alveoli of lungs to help with CO2 and O2 diffusion
  • found in tubules of kidney for filtration
  • makes up serous membranes to secrete serous fluid to stop friction

• squamous cells are ideal because they are thin and allow for quick diffusion, filtration and secretion

24
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelia

A

• simple cuboidal: one layer of cube shaped cells

  • involved in absorption, secretion and movement
  • found in tubules of kidneys (these cells have microvilli to assist with absorption)
  • found in terminal bronchioles (these cells have cilia for movement of substances across surface)
25
Q

Simple columnar epithelia

A

• simple columnar: one layer of column shaped cells

  • function in absorption, secretion and movement
  • found in duodenum for secretion of mucous to neutralise acid
  • found in fallopian tubes for movement of egg
  • found in gastrointestinal tract (these cells have microvilli for absorption)
26
Q

2 types of stratified squamous epithelia

A

• keratinised:

  • found on the soles of feet, palms of hands and skin on body
  • acts to protect underlying tissue
  • is waterproof

•non-keratinised:

  • found in mouth, oesophagus, anus and vagina
  • areas where there is lots of friction and waterproofing is not needed
27
Q

General characteristics of connective tissue

A
  • most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue
  • has many functions (binding together, support, strengthen, protect, insulate, compartmentalise etc.)
  • found in all organs (quantity and type is different in each organ)
  • made of cells, ground substance and fibres
  • 4 classes: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
28
Q

Classes of connective tissue

A
  • connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
29
Q

Loose connective tissue proper

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
30
Q

Dense connective tissue proper

A
  • regular
  • irregular
  • elastic
31
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A
  • loose packing
  • supports and binds other tissues
  • connective tissue that epithelia of skin rests on
32
Q

Adipose connective tissue

A
  • loose
  • nutrient-storing ability
  • shock absorption and protection
  • insulation
  • fat beneath the skin, surrounding kidneys, breasts, abdomen and hips
33
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A
  • loose
  • forms a framework to support free blood cells (white blood cells, mast and macrophage cells)
  • located in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
34
Q

Regular connective tissue

A
  • dense
  • used for attachment
  • in tendons to attach muscles to bones
  • in most ligaments to attach bones to bones
35
Q

Irregular connective tissue

A
  • dense
  • provides strength and stretching
  • located on the dermis of the skin
  • located on fibrous coverings surrounding bones, cartilages, muscles and nerves
36
Q

Elastic connective tissue

A
  • dense
  • has high recoil and strength
  • located in the walls of arteries and ligaments between spinal vertebrae
37
Q

Composition of connective tissue

A
  • cells make up ground substance and fibres

* ground substance and fibres make up the extracellular matrix

38
Q

Composition of connective tissue (cells)

A
  • adipose cells: energy source and cushioning
  • fibroblasts: secrete fibres and ground substance
  • mast cells: immunity
  • white blood cells: repair injury and fight off infection (e.g. neutrophils)
  • macrophages: phagocytose (eat up) foreign molecules
39
Q

Composition of connective tissue (ground substance)

A

• fills the space between the cells of the connective tissue

40
Q

Composition of connective tissue (fibres)

A
  • collagen
  • elastic
  • reticular
41
Q

Histology

A

• the study of tissues

42
Q

Cell layers

A
  • simple: a single layer of cells
  • stratified: more than one layer of cells (top layers look more squashed)
  • pseudostratified: one layer of cells that appears to look like more than one layer (all cells sit on the basement membrane)
43
Q

Cell shapes

A
  • squamous: thin, flat cells from a side view, look like paving stones when seen in a surface view
  • cuboidal: cube shaped (square in most views), usually with large, round nuclei
  • columnar: tall cells, usually with oval nuclei toward their base
  • transitional: can change shape from columnar to cuboidal or squamous (only found in the bladder for expansion)
44
Q

Characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  • highly cellular, well vascularised and responsible for most body movement
  • muscle tissue needs to be highly vascular as a lot of energy is used through the tissue and oxygen is needed for metabolic reactions
  • skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
45
Q

Characteristics of nervous tissue

A
  • consist of brain, spinal cord and nerves
  • nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system
  • neurons are nerve cells
  • neuroglia are supporting cells

NEURONS
• cell body is called the soma
• dendrites: structures that receive signals from other cells, large surface area to receive as much info as possible
• axon: conduct or transmit info away from the soma

Human Structure and Function (4 decks)

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