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Human Structure and Function > Compendium 3 > Flashcards

Compendium 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Enzymes

A
  • protein catalyst that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds, without the enzyme being permanently changed
  • highly specific&raquo_space; active site on an enzyme can only bind to a specific reaction
  • many different enzymes needed in the body for different chemical reactions
  • LIPASE&raquo_space; enzyme that breaks down lipids
  • PROTEASE&raquo_space; breaks down proteins
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2
Q

Anatomy of Digestive System

A

Accessory organs: primarily glands, secrete fluids
Digestive tract: also called alimentary tract
» oral cavity (mouth)
salivary glands
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
==> duodenum, ileum, jejunum
==> AO: liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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3
Q

Ingestion

A

the introduction of food into the stomach (via the mouth)

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4
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

Mechanical digestion creates more surface area for chemical digestion

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5
Q

Secretion

A

lubricate, liquefy, digest

e.g. mucus, secrets along the digestive tract, lubricates food, coats and protects lining

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6
Q

Digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical digestion of food into nutrients

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7
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of nutrients out of digestive tract into cells

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8
Q

Elimination

A

Waste products removed from body (faeces). Defecation

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9
Q

Histology of Digestive Tract

A

One large tube from mouth to anus plus the accessory organ

  1. MUCOSA: innermost layer, secretes mucus
  2. SUBMUCOSA: connective tissue later, contains blood vessels, nerves etc.
  3. MUSCULARIS: 2/3 muscle layer, movement and secretion
  4. SEROSA/ADVENTITIA: outermost layer, connective tissue, stability
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10
Q

Peritoneum

A

Walls and organs of the abdominal cavity are lined with serous membranes

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11
Q

Oral Cavity

A 
Digestion begins in mouth
- Hard palate > hard bone, anterior
- Soft Palate > soft muscle, posterior
- Tongue
- Teeth
     >> masticate (chew) food, turn into bolus
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12
Q

Teeth

A 
Two sets
  1. primary/milk (childhood)
  2. permanent/secondary (adult,32)
Types
- incisors, canines, premolars, molars
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13
Q

Salivary Gland

A

Produce and secretes saliva into oral cavity

  • SALIVA > protects oral cavity, moistens, lubricates and digests food
  • AMYLASE > enzyme food in saliva that breaks down carbohydrates into smaller sugars
  • LYSOZYME - antibacterial enzyme
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14
Q

Pharynx and Esophagus

A

PHARYNX (THROAT) > connects oral cavity to the esophagus
- Uvula (soft palate) prevents food/drink from entering the nasopharynx
ESOPHAGUS > tube that connnects pharynx to stomach (25cm)
- epiglottis prevents food/drink from entering the trachea

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15
Q

Swallowing

A
  1. Voluntary Phase: tongue pushes bolus back of oral cavity towards pharynx
  2. Pharyngeal Phase: soft palate (uvula) close off the nasopharynx. Bolus touches receptors on oropharynx and swallowing reflex moves bolus down pharynx and into esophagus. Epiglottis covers trachea
  3. bolus is moved down esophagus towards stomach by peristalsis
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16
Q

Peristalsis

A

Process by which food moves through the gut. Waves of small muscle relaxations and contractions

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17
Q

Stomach

A
  • food comes from esophagus and stomach churns it into chyme
  • produces mucus, hydrochloric acid, protein digesting enzymes
  • contains a thick muscle layer that lubricates and protects epithelial cells on stomach wall from acid pH 2-3
18
Q

Stomach Layers

A 
Visceral peritoneum (serosa)
Muscularis: three layers
- outer longitudinal
- middle circular
- inner oblique
Submucosa
Mucosa
19
Q

Movement of Stomach

A
  • 3 muscular layers enable churning of food. Make chyme
  • combination of mixing waves (80%) and peristaltic waves (20%)
  • both esophageas and phyloric sphincters and closed
  • stomach empties every 4 hours (6-8 after a fatty meal)
20
Q

Small Intestine

A

(6m)
Duodenum (25cm)
Jejunum (2.5m)
Ileum (3.5m)

21
Q

Duodenum

A

Chyme mixes with various digestive enzymes
Liver/gall bladder
- bile enters via the common bile duct, emulsifies fats
Pancreas
- enzymes enter via the pancreatic duct

22
Q

Liver

A

Makes bile (100ml/day). Stores glucose (as glycogen) and lipids for energy. Detoxification

23
Q

Gall Bladder

A

stores concentrated bile

24
Q

Pancreas

A

produces digestive enzymes. Produce insulin and glycogon for blood sugar homeostasis

25
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • absorption of water

- cecum, colon, rectum, canal canal

26
Q

Digestive Process

A

Digestion (mouth, stomach, small intestine)
- breakdown of food molecules for absorption into circulation
- mechanical: breaks large food molecules into smaller
- chemical: digestive amylase
Absorption (nutrients from small intestine, water from the large intestine)
- molecules are moved out of digestive tract and into circulation for distribution throughout body

27
Q

Nutrients

A 
Chemicals taken into body to:
- produce energy
- provide building blocks to build other molecules
6 classes:
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- vitamins
- minerals
- water
28
Q

Essential Nurtients

A

Chemicals that must be taken into the body, because we can’t make them ourselves

29
Q

Recommended Amounts

A

Carbohydrates (45-65%)
Lipids (20-35%)
Proteins (10-35%)

30
Q

Carbohydrates

A 
Most from plants
Contains Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
Large molecules made up of small building blocks
- monosaccharides
- disaccharides
- polysaccharides
31
Q

Carbohydrate Absorption

A
  • POLYSACCHARIDE CHAIN: digested by saliva (oral cavity) and pancreatic amylase (duodenum)
  • DISACCHARIDES CHAIN: digested by sucrase in intestines
  • MONOSACCHARIDE CHAINS: glucose absorbed into blood via villi/microvilli in intestine transported to liver via hepatic portal vein
32
Q

Carbohydrates (uses in body)

A

Glucose&raquo_space; produce ATP
Excess glucose&raquo_space; glycogen and stored in muscles and liver cells
Excess beyond storage is converted to fat
Sugars also become part of DNA, RNA and ATP, glycoproteins, glycolipids

33
Q

Proteins

A

amino acids = basic building blocks
amino acids aren’t stored in the body
functions of proteins&raquo_space; regulate body functions

34
Q

Protein Absorption

A
  • protein digested by pepsin in the stomach
  • polypeptides digested by trypsin in duodenum
  • peptides and individual amino acids are absorbed into blood via villi/mircovilli in intestine
35
Q

Lipids

A

Composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Lipids/fats are broken down to release energy

36
Q

Tryglycerides

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

37
Q

Lipid Absorption

A
  • bile from the gall bladder emulsifies lipids
  • lipase from the pancreas causes further breakdown
  • short chain fatty acids (monoglycerides) are absorbed into the lymphatic system via lacteals
  • lipids are stored in the adipose tissues and liver until needed
38
Q

Lipids (uses in body)

A

TRIGLYCERIDES: produce ATP
CHOLESTEROL: found in liver and egg yolk. Components of plasma membranes, modified to form bile salts
PHOSPHOLIPIDS: components of plasma membranes, myelin sheath, part of bile
EICOSPHOLIPIDS: derived from fatty acids. Involved in inflammation, blood clotting, tissue repair, smooth muscle contractions

39
Q

Water Absoprtion

A

approx 9L

99% absorbed

40
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic molecules in small quantities

Essential for normal metabolism

41
Q

Minerals

A

Components of co-enzymes,, some vitamins, haemoglobin, organic molecules
Functions
- membrane and action potential
- add mechanical strength to bones and teech

Human Structure and Function (4 decks)

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