Compendium 1 Flashcards by Stephanie Ashworth

Q

Anatomy

A

the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of body parts and how they relate to each other
- includes systems, organs, tissues, shapes of organs, positions, locations, etc.

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Q

Levels of Anatomy

A

1) GROSS ANATOMY (MACROSCOPIC)
structures examined without the aid of a microscope
a) systemic = system by system (e.g. digestive)
b) regional = area by area (e.g. arm)
2) SURFACE ANATOMY
- study of the external form of the body ant its relation to deeper structures
- surface landmarks indicated underlying areas (e.g. sternum and ribs over the heart)
3) MICROSCOPIC
- structures examined with the aid of a microscope (e.g. cytology, histology)
4) DEVELOPMENTAL
- structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

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Q

Physiology

A

study of the function of living things or how they work

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Q

Levels of Physiology

A

1) MOLECULAR
examines the activity of molecules in each cell
2) CELLULAR
examines how cells communicate and interact with each other
3) SYSTEMIC
the study of the physiology of the nervous system
4) NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
study of the physiology of the kidneys and urinary systems
5) RENAL
study of the physiology of the kidneys and urinary system
6) CARDIOVASCULAR
study of heart, blood vessels etc.

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Q

Anatomy compared to Physiology

A

anatomy = structures
physiology = how they work/function

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Q

Organisation of the Human Body

A

CHEMICAL LEVEL
CELLULAR LEVEL
TISSUE LEVEL
ORGAN LEVEL
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
ORGANISM LEVEL

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Q

Organisation of the Human Body

Chemical Level

A

Atoms (e.g. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen) combine to form molecules (e.g. DNA, RNA, sugar, waters)

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Q

Organisation of the Human Body

Cellular Level

A

Molecules (e.g. DNA, RNA) combine to form organelles (e.g. nucleus, mitocondria, endoplasmic reticulum etc.) of a cell
cell = basic structural unit of the body

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Q

Organisation of the Human Body

Tissue Level

A

Numerous cells (e.g. smooth muscle cells) join together to form a tissue (e.g. smooth muscle tissue)
Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together towards a common function

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Q

Organisation of the Human Body

Organ Level

A

Tissues (can be more than one type) form organs (e.g. bladder)
e.g. urinary bladder wall contains epithelium, connective tissue, smooth muscle tissue

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Q

Organisation of the Human Body

Organ System Level

A

One or more organs (e.g. kidneys, ureters, bladder) make up a system (e.g. urinary systems)
Other organ systems: nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, reproductive system

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Q

Organisation of the Human Body

Organism Level

A

Organ systems coming together to form an organism

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Q

Characteristics of Organisms

A

Organisation
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
6 Reproduction

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Q

Characteristics of Organisms

Organisation

A

Relationships among the parts of an organism and how these parts interact to perform specific functions
E.g. multiple types of tissues working together to form an organ

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Q

Characteristics of Organisms

Metabolism

A

Chemical reactions taking place in an organism

E.g. producing energy, digesting food, to make protein etc.

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Q

Characteristics of Organisms

Responsiveness

A

Organism’s ability to sense changes in its environment and adjust to these changes
E.g. body moving blood closer to internal organs in the response to a drop in temperature

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Q

Characteristics of Organisms

Growth

A

Increase in size or number of cells

E.g. growing taller, longer hair

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Q

Characteristics of Organisms

Development

A

Changes an organism undergoes through time

E.g. doing through puberty

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Q

Characteristics of Organisms

Reproduction

A

Formation of new cells or new organisms

Q

Homeostasis

A

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
- e.g. pH, glucose, carbon dioxide, oxygen
Homeostatic mechanisms maintain the body near an ideal normal point called the set point
Homeostasis is still maintained when small fluctuations occur above or below the set point = normal range
Failure of homeostasis can result in disease or even death= major homeostatic changes

Q

Anatomical Position

A

An erect person whose face is directed forward, arms are hanging by their side, palms of their hands facing forward
- why: gives areas of reference on the human body

Q

Anatomical Position

Other body positions

A

1) Supine
- person lying face up
2) Prone
- person lying face down

Also can be used to describe position of forearms

Q

Superior

A

(cephalic)
Towards the head
E.g. the head is superior to the neck

Q

Inferior

A

(caudal)
Towards the tall
E.g. the pelvis is inferior to the stomach

Anterior

(ventral) Towards the front E.g. the nose is anterior to the eards

Posterior

(dorsal) Towards the back E.g. the ankles are posterior to the toes

Proximal

Nearest Used when referring to the limbs only E.g. the elbow is proximal to the wrist = the elbow is closer to the shoulder than the wrist Referring to a point of attachment (shoulder, hip) E.g. the knees are proximal to the ankle = the knees are closer to the point of attachment than the ankles

Distal

Distant Used when talking about limbs, refers to point of attachment E.g. the fingers are distal to the wrist = the fingers are further from the point of attachment (shoulder) than the wrist

Medial

Towards the midline of the body | E.g. the nose is medial to the eyes = the nose is closer to the mid-line than the eyes

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body | E.g. the ears are lateral to the lips = the ears are further from the midline of the body than the lips

Superficial

Closer to the surface | E.g. the epidermis is superficial to the dermis = the epidermis is closer to the surface than the dermis

Deep

Towards the interior of ... | E.g. the bone is deep to the adipose tissue = the bone is further from the surface than the adipose tissue

Body Plane

1. Sagittal Plane 2. Frontal Plane (coronal plane) 3. Transverse Plane (horozontal plane) 4. Oblique Plane

Body Plane Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right halves which don't necessarily have to be even (vertically) Mid-sagittal divide = median

Body Plane Frontal Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves

Body Plane Transverse Plane

Divides body into superior and posterior parts | Runs parallel to the ground

Body Plane Oblique Plane

A plane that doesn't run parallel to the frontal or transverse plane

Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity

Contains lungs and mediastinum (divides thoracic cavity) - mediastinum: collective word including esophagus, trachea, blood vessels. thymus, and heart Also contains the diaphram - a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdomin

Body Cavities Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, pancreas, and kidneys

Body Cavities Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine and reproductive organs

Body Cavities Abdominopelvic Cavity

there is no structure separating the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity so they are sometimes called the abdominopelvic cavity

Subdivisions of the Quadrants

Right - upper Quadrant Left - upper Quadrant Right - lower Quadrant Left - lower Quadrant

Subdivisions of the Regions

Right hypocondriac Region Epigastric Region Left Hypocondriac Region Right Lumbar Region Umbilical Region Left Lumbar Region Right Iliac Region Hypogastric Region Left Iliac Region

Serous Membranes

Line the cavities in the trunk of the body and cover the organs within these cavities - also know as serosa A thin, slippery, double layered membrane

Serous Membranes 2 Layers

1) Parietal - layer lines the trunk cavities 2) Visceral - layer lines the organs

Serous Membranes Serous Fluid

Serous fluid produced by the membrane fills the cavity between the 2 layers and acts as a lubricant between the organ and body wall Important for organs that move (e.g.. heart, stomach) to prevent friction between layers

Serous Membranes Specific Serous Membranes

1. Pericardium = heart 2. pleura = lungs and thoracic membrane 3. peritoneum = abdominalpelvic cavity