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Human Structure and Function > Compendium 2 > Flashcards

Compendium 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Structural and functional unit of all living things, including humans

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTCS OF CELL

  1. Cell matabolism and energy use
  2. Synthesis of molecules
  3. Communication
  4. Reproduction and inheritance
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2
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Also known as the cell structure

FUNCTION

  • encloses and supports cellular contents
  • controls what goes in and out of cells
  • intercellular communication (cell-to-cell)

STRUCTURE

  • lipid bilayer (45-50%) – provides flexibility
  • carbohydrates (4-8%)
  • proteins (45-50%)
  • glycocalyx (outer surface of cell membrane)
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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cellular fluid membrane outside of the nucleus but within the boundaries of the plasma membrane

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

FUNCTIONS

  • ‘control centre’
  • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – carries code for structural and functional characteristics of cell

STRUCTURE

  • nuclear envelope – bilayer membrane surrounding nucleus (porous)
  • nucleoplasm
  • nucleolus – produces ribosomes
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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

FUNCTIONS
- site of protein synthesis

STRUCTURE

  • composed of 2 subunits: large and small
  • free ribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes
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6
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

STRUCTURE

  • flattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules
  • RER: with ribosomes
  • SER: without ribosomes

FUNCTION
- RER: synthesis and modification of proteins
- SER: site of lipid, steroid and carbohydrate synthesis
> detoxification of harmful substances
> breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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7
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

STRUCTURE

  • flattened membranous sacs, with cisternae
  • secretory vesicles

FUNCTION
- modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids that are made in rough endoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

Lysosomes

A

STRUCTURE
- membrane-bound vesicles that form Golgi Apparatus

FUNCTION

  • ‘demolition crew’
  • digestion of molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.) that are no longer needed
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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

STRUCTURE

  • outer membrane
  • intermediate space
  • inner membrane
  • matrix
  • change shape continuously
  • own genetic material – reproduce itself

FUNCTION
- ‘power plant of cell’
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production and supply
> unit of currency for energy

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10
Q

Centrioles (+ centrosome)

A

STRUCTURE

  • barrel-shaped, orientated at right angles
  • wall composed of microtubules
  • found in centrosome

FUNCTION
- cell division

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11
Q

Cilia

A

STRUCTURE

  • whip-like cellular extensions
  • project from outer surfaces of cells

FUNCTIONS
- movement of substances across surface of cells
> lining of respiratory tract - mucus out of lungs
> fallopian tubes - moves egg

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12
Q

Flagella

A

STRUCTURE

  • longer than cilia
  • sperm cells only
  • moves the cell

FUNCTION
- motility

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13
Q

Microvilli

A

STRUCTURE

  • extension of plasma membrane
  • 1/10 - 1/20 size of cilia
  • non-motile

FUNCTION
- increases cell’s surface area
> absorptive cells of intestine or kidney tubules

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14
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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15
Q

Histology

PREPARATION OF TISSUE

A
  1. removal of tissue from the body via biopsy or autopsy
  2. fixation of tissue
  3. embedding of the tissue
  4. slicing of the tissue and mounting tissue on a slide
  5. staining and viewing using a microscope
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16
Q

Histology

HAEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN

A

(H + E)

Nuclei are stained purple (haematoxylin) whereas other cell structures, cytoplasm, are stained pink (Eosin)

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17
Q

Histology

POINTS TO CONSIDER

A
  1. plane the tissue has been cut in

2. magnification of image

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18
Q

Primary Tissues

A

All organs in the body contain all four primary tissue types

  • epithelial tissues (covers)
  • connective tissues (support)
  • muscle tissues (movement)
  • nervous tissues (control)
19
Q

Epithelial Tissue

CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

A

Epithelium

Covers and protects
- covering and lining epithelium
- glandular epithelium
Distinct cell surfaces
- free surface
- lateral surface
- basal surface (basement membrane)
Avascular but innervated
Ability to regenerate
20
Q

Epithelial Cells

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

A

Simple layer of flattened cells with sparse cytoplasm

FUNCTIONS
- diffusion, filtration and some secretion

LOCATIONS
- alveoli, kidney glomeruli, serous membranes of pleura, pericardium and peritoneum

21
Q

Epithelial Cells

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

A

Single later of cubed-shaped cells. Some of these cells have microvilli or cilia

FUNCTIONS
- absorption, secretion and movement

LOCATIONS
- kidney tubules and terminal bronchioles

22
Q

Epithelial Cells

SIMPLE COLUMNAR

A

Single layer of column-shaped or tall cells with round to oval nuclei. Some cells have cilia

FUNCTIONS
- absorption, secretion and movement

LOCATIONS
- intestines, stomach, fallopian tubes and lings

23
Q

Epithelial Cells

TRANSITIONAL

A

Resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal cells depending on its state

FUNCTIONS
- accomodate changes in fluid volume of the organs

LOCATION
- urinary bladder, ureter, and upper part of urethra

24
Q

Epithelial Cells

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

A

Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and become progressively flatter as you move to the surface. Several layers of cells (Keratinized, non-keratinized)

FUNCTIONS
- protection against abrasion and loss of water

LOCATIONS

  • keratinized: sole of feet, palm
  • non-keratinized: mouth, oesophagus, anus, vagina
25
Q

Epithelial Cells

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL

A

several layers of cubed-shaped cells

FUNCTIONS
- absorption, secretion and protection

LOCATIONS
- ducts of sweat glands, ducts of salivary glands and developing ovum

26
Q

Epithelial Cells

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR

A

Several layers of column shaped cells

FUNCTIONS
- secretion and protection

LOCATIONS
- ducts of mammery glands, larynx and parts of male urethra

27
Q

Epithelial Cells

PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR

A

Single layer of column-stratified cells with different heights where some cells may not extend all the way to the surface. Nuclei all over the place and cells are ciliated

FUNCTION
- secretion and movement

LOCATIONS
- pharynx, trachea, male’s sperm carrying ducts

28
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue in the body

FUNCTIONS
- connects and binds together, supports, strengthens, protects, insulates, compartmentalise, transports

LOCATION
- all organs, amount varies

29
Q

Composition of Connective Tissue

A

Cells + Ground Substances + Fibres

30
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A

FUNCTIONS
- loose packing, support and binding other tissues

LOCATIONS

  • widely distributed
  • connective tissue that epithelial of skin rests on
31
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue

A

FUNCTIONS

  • nutrient-storing ability
  • shock absorption and protection
  • insulation

LOCATIONS
- fat beneath skin, surrounding kidney, breasts, abdomen and hips

32
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A

FUNCTIONS
- forms a framework to support free blood cells (white blood cells, mast and macrophage cells)

LOCATION

  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
33
Q

Regular Connective Tissue

A

FUNCTIONS
- attachment

LOCATIONS

  • tendons (muscle to bone)
  • most ligaments (bone to bone)
34
Q

Irregular Connective Tissue

A

FUNCTIONS
- provides strength and stretching

LOCATIONS

  • skin dermis
  • fibrous coverings surrounding bones, cartilage, muscles and nerves
35
Q

Elastic Connective Tissue

A

FUNCTIONS
- high recoil and strength

LOCATION

  • walls of arteries
  • ligaments between spinal vertegrate
36
Q

Cartilage

A

Made of cartilage cells within a rigid matrix
Avascular and not innervated

FUNCTIONS
- provides protection, flexibility, rigidity and capable of withstanding pressure

LOCATIONS

  • hyaline cartilage: most abundant and found in the rib cage, trachea, articulating surfaces of bones and nose
  • fibrocartilage: found in intervertebral discs and pubis symphysis
  • elastic cartilage: found in ear and epiglottis
37
Q

Bone

A

Supports and protects body matrix
Composed of cells and matrix
Osteocytes (bone cells) reside in lacunae
2 Types:
- spongy bone: ends of long bone, sternum, vertebrae and pelvis
- compact bone: shaft of the long bone and makes up outer portions of all bones

38
Q

Blood

A
  • Atypical connective tissue in that it does not provide support or “connect” anything
  • mostly red blood cells (erythrocytes) and scattered white blood cells (leucocytes) and platelets, wastes and respiratory gases around the body
39
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Highly cellular, well vascularised and responsible for most body movement

TYPES OF MUSCLES

  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
40
Q

Muscle Tissue

SKELETAL MUSCLE

A
  • muscles attached to the bone of the skeleton
  • muscle cells are called muscle fibres
  • striated muscle
  • mostly under voluntary control but involuntary movements can occur with skeletal muscle (e.g. twitching)
41
Q

Muscle Tissue

CARDIAC MUSCLE

A
  • only found in the walls of the heart, hence the name, where it is responsible for pumping blood around the body
  • the striated muscle with intercalated disks
  • under voluntary control
42
Q

Muscle Tissue

SMOOTH MUSCLE

A
  • found mainly in the walls of hollows organs (e.g. stomach, bladder, uterus, blood vessels)
  • no striations and single nucleus per muscle cell
  • under involuntary control
43
Q

Nervous System

A 
Nervous system:
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system
- nervous (nerve cells)
- supporting cells (neuroglia)

Nerves

  • cell body (soma)
  • dendrites - information input
  • axon - conducting/transmitting information

Human Structure and Function (4 decks)

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