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Human Structure and Function > Compendium 2 > Flashcards

Compendium 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Structural and functional unit of all living things, including humans

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTCS OF CELL

  1. Cell matabolism and energy use
  2. Synthesis of molecules
  3. Communication
  4. Reproduction and inheritance
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2
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Also known as the cell structure

FUNCTION

  • encloses and supports cellular contents
  • controls what goes in and out of cells
  • intercellular communication (cell-to-cell)

STRUCTURE

  • lipid bilayer (45-50%) – provides flexibility
  • carbohydrates (4-8%)
  • proteins (45-50%)
  • glycocalyx (outer surface of cell membrane)
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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cellular fluid membrane outside of the nucleus but within the boundaries of the plasma membrane

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

FUNCTIONS

  • ‘control centre’
  • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – carries code for structural and functional characteristics of cell

STRUCTURE

  • nuclear envelope – bilayer membrane surrounding nucleus (porous)
  • nucleoplasm
  • nucleolus – produces ribosomes
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5
Q

Ribosomes

A

FUNCTIONS
- site of protein synthesis

STRUCTURE

  • composed of 2 subunits: large and small
  • free ribosomes and membrane-bound ribosomes
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6
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

STRUCTURE

  • flattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules
  • RER: with ribosomes
  • SER: without ribosomes

FUNCTION
- RER: synthesis and modification of proteins
- SER: site of lipid, steroid and carbohydrate synthesis
> detoxification of harmful substances
> breakdown of glycogen to glucose

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7
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

STRUCTURE

  • flattened membranous sacs, with cisternae
  • secretory vesicles

FUNCTION
- modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids that are made in rough endoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

Lysosomes

A

STRUCTURE
- membrane-bound vesicles that form Golgi Apparatus

FUNCTION

  • ‘demolition crew’
  • digestion of molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.) that are no longer needed
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9
Q

Mitochondria

A

STRUCTURE

  • outer membrane
  • intermediate space
  • inner membrane
  • matrix
  • change shape continuously
  • own genetic material – reproduce itself

FUNCTION
- ‘power plant of cell’
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production and supply
> unit of currency for energy

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10
Q

Centrioles (+ centrosome)

A

STRUCTURE

  • barrel-shaped, orientated at right angles
  • wall composed of microtubules
  • found in centrosome

FUNCTION
- cell division

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11
Q

Cilia

A

STRUCTURE

  • whip-like cellular extensions
  • project from outer surfaces of cells

FUNCTIONS
- movement of substances across surface of cells
> lining of respiratory tract - mucus out of lungs
> fallopian tubes - moves egg

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12
Q

Flagella

A

STRUCTURE

  • longer than cilia
  • sperm cells only
  • moves the cell

FUNCTION
- motility

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13
Q

Microvilli

A

STRUCTURE

  • extension of plasma membrane
  • 1/10 - 1/20 size of cilia
  • non-motile

FUNCTION
- increases cell’s surface area
> absorptive cells of intestine or kidney tubules

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14
Q

Histology

A

study of tissues

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15
Q

Histology

PREPARATION OF TISSUE

A
  1. removal of tissue from the body via biopsy or autopsy
  2. fixation of tissue
  3. embedding of the tissue
  4. slicing of the tissue and mounting tissue on a slide
  5. staining and viewing using a microscope
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16
Q

Histology

HAEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN

A

(H + E)

Nuclei are stained purple (haematoxylin) whereas other cell structures, cytoplasm, are stained pink (Eosin)

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17
Q

Histology

POINTS TO CONSIDER

A
  1. plane the tissue has been cut in

2. magnification of image

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18
Q

Primary Tissues

A

All organs in the body contain all four primary tissue types

  • epithelial tissues (covers)
  • connective tissues (support)
  • muscle tissues (movement)
  • nervous tissues (control)
19
Q

Epithelial Tissue

CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

A

Epithelium

Covers and protects
- covering and lining epithelium
- glandular epithelium
Distinct cell surfaces
- free surface
- lateral surface
- basal surface (basement membrane)
Avascular but innervated
Ability to regenerate
20
Q

Epithelial Cells

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

A

Simple layer of flattened cells with sparse cytoplasm

FUNCTIONS
- diffusion, filtration and some secretion

LOCATIONS
- alveoli, kidney glomeruli, serous membranes of pleura, pericardium and peritoneum

21
Q

Epithelial Cells

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

A

Single later of cubed-shaped cells. Some of these cells have microvilli or cilia

FUNCTIONS
- absorption, secretion and movement

LOCATIONS
- kidney tubules and terminal bronchioles

22
Q

Epithelial Cells

SIMPLE COLUMNAR

A

Single layer of column-shaped or tall cells with round to oval nuclei. Some cells have cilia

FUNCTIONS
- absorption, secretion and movement

LOCATIONS
- intestines, stomach, fallopian tubes and lings

23
Q

Epithelial Cells

TRANSITIONAL

A

Resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal cells depending on its state

FUNCTIONS
- accomodate changes in fluid volume of the organs

LOCATION
- urinary bladder, ureter, and upper part of urethra

24
Q

Epithelial Cells

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

A

Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and become progressively flatter as you move to the surface. Several layers of cells (Keratinized, non-keratinized)

FUNCTIONS
- protection against abrasion and loss of water

LOCATIONS

  • keratinized: sole of feet, palm
  • non-keratinized: mouth, oesophagus, anus, vagina
25
Epithelial Cells STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
several layers of cubed-shaped cells FUNCTIONS - absorption, secretion and protection LOCATIONS - ducts of sweat glands, ducts of salivary glands and developing ovum
26
Epithelial Cells STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
Several layers of column shaped cells FUNCTIONS - secretion and protection LOCATIONS - ducts of mammery glands, larynx and parts of male urethra
27
Epithelial Cells PSEUDO-STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
Single layer of column-stratified cells with different heights where some cells may not extend all the way to the surface. Nuclei all over the place and cells are ciliated FUNCTION - secretion and movement LOCATIONS - pharynx, trachea, male's sperm carrying ducts
28
Connective Tissue
Most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue in the body FUNCTIONS - connects and binds together, supports, strengthens, protects, insulates, compartmentalise, transports LOCATION - all organs, amount varies
29
Composition of Connective Tissue
Cells + Ground Substances + Fibres
30
Areolar Connective Tissue
FUNCTIONS - loose packing, support and binding other tissues LOCATIONS - widely distributed - connective tissue that epithelial of skin rests on
31
Adipose Connective Tissue
FUNCTIONS - nutrient-storing ability - shock absorption and protection - insulation LOCATIONS - fat beneath skin, surrounding kidney, breasts, abdomen and hips
32
Reticular Connective Tissue
FUNCTIONS - forms a framework to support free blood cells (white blood cells, mast and macrophage cells) LOCATION - lymph nodes - spleen - bone marrow
33
Regular Connective Tissue
FUNCTIONS - attachment LOCATIONS - tendons (muscle to bone) - most ligaments (bone to bone)
34
Irregular Connective Tissue
FUNCTIONS - provides strength and stretching LOCATIONS - skin dermis - fibrous coverings surrounding bones, cartilage, muscles and nerves
35
Elastic Connective Tissue
FUNCTIONS - high recoil and strength LOCATION - walls of arteries - ligaments between spinal vertegrate
36
Cartilage
Made of cartilage cells within a rigid matrix Avascular and not innervated FUNCTIONS - provides protection, flexibility, rigidity and capable of withstanding pressure LOCATIONS - hyaline cartilage: most abundant and found in the rib cage, trachea, articulating surfaces of bones and nose - fibrocartilage: found in intervertebral discs and pubis symphysis - elastic cartilage: found in ear and epiglottis
37
Bone
Supports and protects body matrix Composed of cells and matrix Osteocytes (bone cells) reside in lacunae 2 Types: - spongy bone: ends of long bone, sternum, vertebrae and pelvis - compact bone: shaft of the long bone and makes up outer portions of all bones
38
Blood
- Atypical connective tissue in that it does not provide support or "connect" anything - mostly red blood cells (erythrocytes) and scattered white blood cells (leucocytes) and platelets, wastes and respiratory gases around the body
39
Muscle Tissue
Highly cellular, well vascularised and responsible for most body movement TYPES OF MUSCLES - skeletal - cardiac - smooth
40
Muscle Tissue SKELETAL MUSCLE
- muscles attached to the bone of the skeleton - muscle cells are called muscle fibres - striated muscle - mostly under voluntary control but involuntary movements can occur with skeletal muscle (e.g. twitching)
41
Muscle Tissue CARDIAC MUSCLE
- only found in the walls of the heart, hence the name, where it is responsible for pumping blood around the body - the striated muscle with intercalated disks - under voluntary control
42
Muscle Tissue SMOOTH MUSCLE
- found mainly in the walls of hollows organs (e.g. stomach, bladder, uterus, blood vessels) - no striations and single nucleus per muscle cell - under involuntary control
43
Nervous System
``` Nervous system: - brain - spinal cord - nerves Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system - nervous (nerve cells) - supporting cells (neuroglia) ``` Nerves - cell body (soma) - dendrites - information input - axon - conducting/transmitting information

Human Structure and Function (4 decks)

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