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CMB > Comparmentalization Of Cells > Flashcards

Comparmentalization Of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Catalyze mostly by membrane-bound enzymes

A

Lipid metabolism

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2
Q

Both require a membrane to couple the transport of H+ to the synthesis of ATP

A

Oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis

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3
Q

Provide increased membrane area, they also create enclosed compartments that are separate from the cytosol, thus providing the cell with functionally specialized aqueous spaces.

A

Intracellular membrane systems

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4
Q

Responsible for the import and export of specific metabolites

A

Membrane transport proteins

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5
Q

Mechanism of each organelle

A

> Importing

>incorporating into the organelle

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6
Q

Contains the main genome and is the principle site of DNA and RNA synthesis.

A

Nucleus

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7
Q

Consists of cytosol and organelles suspended on it.

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Site of protein synthesis and degradation, also performs most of the cells intermediary metabolism - the many reactions by which some small molecules are degraded and others are synthesized to provide building blocks for macromolecules.

A

Cytosol

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9
Q

Has many ribosomes bound to its cytosolic surface, they are engaged in synthesis of both soluble and integral membrane proteins, most of which are destined either for secretion to the cell exterior or for other organelles.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

Translocated into the ER as they are synthesized. This explains why ER membrane is unique in having ribosomes tethered to it.

A

Proteins

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11
Q

Produces most of the lipid for the rest of the cell and functions as a store CA2+ ions.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

Consists of organized stacks of disc like compartments. Receives lipids and proteins from the ER dispatches them to a variety of destinations, usually covalently modifying them en route.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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13
Q

Disc like compartments

A

Golgi cistern

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14
Q

Generate most of the ATP used by cells to drive reactions that require an input of free energy.

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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15
Q

Specialized version of plastids, functions as storage of food and pigment molecules.

A

Chloroplasts

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16
Q

Contain digestive enzymes that degrade defunct intracellular organelles, as well as macromolecules and particles taken in from from outside the cell endocytosis.

A

Lysosomes

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17
Q

Endocytosed materials must first pass through these series of organelles.

A

Endosomes

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18
Q

Small vesicular compartments that contain enzymes utilized in a variety of oxidative reactions.

A

Peroxisomes

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19
Q

Form during development of chloroplasts from proplastids in the green leaves of plants.

A

Thylakoid vesicles

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20
Q

Small pre cursor organelles that are present in all immature plant cells.

A

Proplastids

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21
Q

Harbors all of the chloroplast’s photosynthetic machinery.

A

Thylakoid

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22
Q

Surrounded by a double membrane, remain isolated from the extensive vesicular traffic that connects the interiors of the most of the other membrane-enclosed organelles to each other and to the outside of the cell.

A

Membrane and plastids

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23
Q

Intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells

A
  1. Nucleus and cytosol
  2. Organelles that function in the secretory and endocytosis pathways.
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Plastids
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24
Q

Direct their delivery to locations outside the cytosol.

A

Siting signals

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25
Q

Protein traffic between the cytosol and nucleus occurs between topologically equivalent spaces, which are in continuity in the nuclear pore complexes.

A

Gated transport

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26
Q

Function as selective gates that actively transport specific macromolecules and macromolecule assemblies but also follow free diffusion of small molecules.

A

Nuclear pore complexes

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27
Q

Membrane bound protein translocation directly transport specific proteins across the membrane from the cytosol into the space that is topologically distinct.

A

Transmembrane transport

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28
Q

Membrane enclosed transport intermediates, pericarp like transport vesicles or larger irregularly shaped organelle, ferry proteins from one compartment to another.

A

Vesicular transport

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29
Q

Removes the finished proteins that are typically 15-60 residues long.

A

Signal peptidases

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30
Q

Used to direct proteins from the cytosol to the ER, mitochondria, chloroplasts and peroxisomes, they are also used to transport proteins from the nucleus to the cytosol and from the Golgi to the ER.

A

Signal sequences

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31
Q

Sorting signals that direct proteins into the nucleus from the cytosol.

A

Signal patches

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32
Q

Direct newly synthesized degrading enzymes that to the lysosomes

A

Signal patches

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33
Q

Proteins for initial transfer to the ER.

A

Signal sequence at N terminus

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34
Q

Recognized as ER residents

A

Four amino acids at their c terminus

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35
Q

Proteins destined for mitochondria

A

Positively charged amino acids alternate with hydrophobic ones.

36
Q

Sufficient for protein targeting

A

Signal sequences

37
Q

Proteins destined for peroxisomes

A

Signal peptide of three characteristic amino acid on their C terminus

38
Q

Guides proteins to their appropriate destination, sorting signals are recognized by this.

A

Sorting receptors

39
Q

Passed from one parent cell to progeny cell in a form of the organelle itself.

A

Epigenetic information

40
Q

Encloses the DNA and defines compartment

A

Nuclear envelope

41
Q

Specific proteins that acts as a binding site for chromatin and for protein mesh work or nuclear lamina.

A

Inner nuclear membrane

42
Q

Provides structural support for nuclear membrane

A

Nuclear lamina

43
Q

Studded with ribosomes engaged in protein synthesis

A

Outer nuclear membrane

44
Q

Space between inner and outer nuclear membrane

A

Perinuclear space

45
Q

Occurs continuously between cytosol and nucleus

A

Bidirectional traffic

46
Q

Small water soluble molecules can passively diffuse through this

A

Aqueous channels

47
Q

Selectivity of the nuclear process resides in this, present only in the nuclear proteins

A

Nuclear localization signals

48
Q

Nuclear localization signals must be recognized by this

A

Nuclear import receptors

49
Q

Serve as a binding sites for the import receptors

A

FG repeats

50
Q

These receptors bind both the export signal and nucleoporins to guide their cargo through the pore complex to the cytosol

A

Nuclear export receptor

51
Q

Found in both cytosol and nucleus, required both the nuclear import and export systems

A

Ran

52
Q

Become bound to proteins that are loaded into the RNA transcription and splicing proceed.

A

Messenger RNA

53
Q

Recognized by export receptors that guide RNA out of the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes.

A

Nuclear export signals

54
Q

Interconnected protein subunits

A

Nuclear lamins

55
Q

Meshwork of interconnected protein subunits

A

Nuclear lamina

56
Q

Special class of intermediate filament proteins that polymerize into a two-dimensional lattice

A

Lamins

57
Q

What happens to the nuclear lamina when the nucleus disassembles during mitosis?

A

It depolymerizes

58
Q

Double membrane enclosed organelles

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast

59
Q

Forms intensive invaginations

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria

60
Q

Encloses the matrix space

A

Mitochondrial crustal

61
Q

Part of mitochondria that is in contact with the cytosol

A

Outer membrane of mitochondria

62
Q

Mitochondrial proteins are first fully synthesized as precursor proteins in the cytosol and then translocated into the mitochondria by this mechanism

A

Posttranslational mechanism

63
Q

Multi subunit protein complexes that function as a protein translocator across the outer membrane

A

TOM complexes

64
Q

Function across the inner membrane

A

TIM23 & TIM22

65
Q

Mediates insertion of inner membrane proteins that are synthesized within the mitochondria

A

OXA complex

66
Q

Contact sites of matrix space

A

Storms

67
Q

Surrounded by only a single membrane, all of the proteins of this organelle must be imported.

A

Peroxisomes

68
Q

Present in all eukaryotic cells, contain oxidative enzymes, catalase and urate oxidase

A

Peroxisomes

69
Q

Utilizes hydrogen peroxide generated by other organelle to oxidize a variety of other substrates

A

Catalase

70
Q

Process of breaking down fatty acid molecules

A

Beta oxidation

71
Q

Most abundant class of phospholipids in myelin

A

Plasmogens

72
Q

Uses up O2 and liberates CO2

A

Photorespiration

73
Q

Conversion of fats to sugars

A

Glyoxylate cycle

74
Q

A defect in importing proteins into peroxisomes, individuals that contain “empty” peroxisomes

A

Zellweger syndrome

75
Q

Organized into a netlike labyrinth of branching tubules and flattened sacs throughout the cytosol

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

76
Q

Central role in lipid and protein synthesis

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

77
Q

Partly translocated across ER and and become embedded in it.

A

Transmembrane proteins

78
Q

Fully translocated across the ER membrane and release into the ER lumen.

A

Water soluble proteins

79
Q

Contain ER exit sites.

A

Smooth ER

80
Q

A cell that is abundant with smooth ER

A

Hepatocyte

81
Q

Specialized smooth ER, sequesters Ca2+ from the cytosol by mean of Ca2+ ATPase that pumps Ca2+ ions into the lumen

A

Sarcomas mic reticulum

82
Q

Small closed vesicles that form when ER breaks into fragments when being disrupted.

A

Microsomes

83
Q

ER resident protein, catalyze sa free sulfhydryl groups on cysteines to form disulfide bonds

A

Protein disulfide isomerism

84
Q

Can be formed in three steps: choline, two fatty acids, and glycerol phosphate

A

Phosphatidylcholine

85
Q

Made by condensing the amino acid serine with fatty acid to form an amino alcohol sphingosine.

A

Ceramics

CMB (4 decks)

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