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Interpreting Ethics > Comparitive analysis > Flashcards

Comparitive analysis Flashcards

1
Q

No link between form and meaning

A

ARBITRARY

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2
Q

The form represents some link between meaning

A

ICONIC

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3
Q

What is the smallest unit of sound/or sign called

A

PHONEME

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4
Q

What test can be used to test if a handshape is an actual phoneme or parameter of NZSL?

A

MINIMAL PAIR.

Changing one parameter or sound, does it still produce a meaningful word.

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5
Q

What is an example of a minimal pair in English and NZSL?

A

English - Cat, bat.

NZSL - STAFF, SISTER. or BLUE, PET.

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6
Q

An example of a Multi-channel Sign?

What makes them different to other signs?

A

BIFF, WHOOF, HULLUP.
They use both hand signs and mouthing to give meaning.
Other signs either use hands (using O,L,M,H) or Non-manual signs (Hands not involved but uses face, body movement, gaze).

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7
Q

The smallest meaningful unit of a language is known as a what?

A

MORPHEME.

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8
Q

What is a Bound morpheme?

What is a Free Morpheme.

A

Bound. Must be used in conjunction with another morpheme. eg. “s” or “ing”

Free. A morpheme which can stand alone. “cat”

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9
Q

What is Symmetry Condition? Give eg.

What is dominance Condition?

A

Symmetry condition when two hands produce a sign which mirror each other. eg. PARTNER. FOUNDATION, SAME, DIFFERENT

Dominance condition is where the dominant hand makes movement over the other hand which remains static in place. eg, WORK, LIVE, PAY

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10
Q

Using morphemes to modify a word…Different forms of the same word, normally a marker for past tense is called?

A

INFLECTION

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11
Q

The process of creating new words from morphemes is usually known as what?

A

DERIVATION

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12
Q

4 things are needed in NZSL to make a morpheme. What are these?

A

Orientation
Location
Handshape
Movement

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13
Q

A Bimorphemic sign is what? Give an eg in NZSL

A

Changing one parameter adds meaning to the morpheme.
eg. THREE (Free morpheme) movement changes the meaning
THIRTEEN (TEEN - Bound morpheme) the movement can not stand alone.

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14
Q

A Polymorphemic sign is what?

A

Have 3 or more morphemes.

Classifier signs. Eg, MEET, MEETING, GO TO, depicts a person with SPEED, DIRECTION

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15
Q

What is numeral incorporation? Eg?

A

This is also considered bimorphemic
Incorporation a change in parameter with NUMERALS gives new meaning to the word.
TWO. Change location. TWO YEARS OLD. or TWO DOLLARS

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16
Q

A collection of words/signs that exist in a language is called a what?

When new words enter a language it is called what?

A

LEXICON

LEXICALISATION

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17
Q

What is a native lexicon?

A

Lexems that originate from a signed language.

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18
Q

The native lexicon of NZSL has two parts. What are these?

A

The Core Lexicon

Non core Lexicon.

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19
Q

What does Core lexicon mean?

A

Frozen or established signs which are native lexicon. Found in the dictionary. Standardised and lexicalised.
eg. TURTLE, HAPPY, PEOPLE

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20
Q

Non Core (or productive) Lexicon means what?

A

Classifiers. Words which are not found in the dictionary, not lexicalised. Used productively and creatively to give meaning.

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21
Q

What is a non native Lexicon mean?

A

Signs that were borrowed from another language. Eg FEBRUARY, DVD, PARENTS
They may transition to become lexicalised. Going through a nativisation process to fit grammar rules of NZSL.

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22
Q

NZSL has borrowed from other signed languages. What are some examples?

A

LAWYER, borrowed from ASL
MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY
PARENTS from AUSLAN (fingerspelling)

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23
Q

Adding two words together to create a new meaning is called a what?

A

COMPOUND WORD

24
Q

What changes when we make a compound word?

A

The meaning

Word Stress.

25
Q

Examples of Compound words in NZSL are?

A

WORK + SHOP = WORKSHOP
SEE + MAYBE = CHECK
SEE + FUTURE = PREDICT
READ + WRITE = LITERACY

26
Q

Examples of Compound words in English are?

A

Black + Board = blackboard

Star + Fish = Starfish

27
Q

Formation changes in compound words look like what?

A

Movement flows seamlessly and takes the same time as other signs even though they are made up of two words.
Movement of the First word is reduced
Movement of the second word is lost of held.
If the 2nd sign in a compound is 2 handed, the subordinate hand takes up position from the beginning of the compound

28
Q

What is a productive morpheme?

A

Used to make new words, eg “un” “able” added to facebook… unfacebookable.

29
Q

Acceptable word or sign order in a language is called what?

A

SYNTAX

30
Q

Why is word order important?

A

It establishes meaning and order of events.

31
Q

What makes a sentence?

A

You need noun, verb, propositions, adjectives and adverbs.

32
Q

What is a preposition?

A

A word or group of words used before a noun to show direction, time, place, location or to introduce an object. eg in, at, on of to

33
Q

I like Milk. Identify the subject, verb, order.

A

I (object), Like (verb), Milk (object)

34
Q

English vs NZSL Syntax. What is the difference?

A

English - linear sequencing.
NZSL - can use linear and simultaneous ways of combining elements of meaning. Produced in a 3 dimensional way which allows information to be layered or bundled to give meaning.

35
Q

Why is word order important?

A

It describes, what is happening to whom, or who is doing what to whom.

36
Q

What is a copula?

A

Links the subject of a sentence with the predicate (or everything else said in the sentence.
EG I am on the couch. AM is the copula
am, is, was, are,
NZSL does not use copula

37
Q

Expressing events in order they happen or happened is important in NZSL as is does not make sense to sign out of order. This is called what?

A

NATURAL TEMPORAL ORDER

38
Q

Verbs that are anchored to the body
they don’t change movement
pronoun or noun attached is called a what verb?

A

PLAIN VERB. Eg. LOVE, LIKE, DRINK,
I LOVE YOU
I DRINK WILL

39
Q

What is a partial agreement verb?

A

Verbs that can only be inflected between 1st and 2nd person, or 1st and 3rd person. NOT between 2nd and 3rd person. Eg EXPLAIN, TEASE

40
Q

Verbs that change movement or location. They begin with the subject and end with the object are called what verbs?

A

AGREEMENT VERB eg. ASK, LOOK-AT, GIVE, HELP, VISIT

41
Q

What does null subject in NZSL mean?

A

Signer users space to set up the noun, place and time at the beginning of a sentence or story and then does not have to sign them again as they already have a referent point in the given space.

42
Q

What is a spatial verb?

A

A verb that gives information as to location or direction of something. Eg. FLY-TO, PICK-UP, WALK-TO, ARRIVE,

43
Q

Semantics is the study of what?

A

The study of meaning and how we use words to create meaning.
Combinations of words, sentences or phrases which give meaning

44
Q

What is descriptive meaning?

A

the dictionary gives descriptive meaning, describes events, people objects, things

45
Q

What is social meaning?

A

The words or signs we use and the way we use them give clues to who we are or where we are from. EG, AUCKLAND (middle finger - not from Auckland)
AUCKLAND (pointing finger - from Auckland)

46
Q

What is emotional meaning?

A

our feelings, attitudes and opinions are derived from the way we sign or speak

47
Q

What does Compositional mean?

A

The meaning is explicit from the words or phrase.

eg. words make up the meaning.

48
Q

What does non-compositional mean?

Also known as an IDIOM

A

Combinations of words where the meaning can not be derived from the individual words. eg. the cat is out of the bag.

49
Q

An example of an idiom in NZSL

A

I MISSED THE BUS.

meaning - missed part of the conversation

50
Q

What is a metaphor?

A

A thing which is represented or symbolic of something else.
A way of using language where we equate one thing in a way that helps us understand an idea.

NZSL - the use of height to indicate age ADULT, TEENAGE< CHILD

MEMORY - idea put in head.

51
Q

What is the difference between NZSL vs English semantics?

A

English uses many idioms,
NZSL does not.
NZSL uses metaphor more to explain or to expand the explanation.

52
Q

What is Discourse?

A

How language is used beyond the sentence or clause

53
Q

What is Pragmatics?

A

The unspoken rules of how we communicate.

54
Q

What is Register?

A

Refers to how we use language differently in certain social contexts. eg, formal, work, with friends

55
Q

What is the difference between English and NZSL discourse?

A

English - more frozen/formal.
Why? because it’s an older language, written and documented, easier to record.
NZSL - less frozen. New language. eg of Frozen NZSL- NZ NATIONAL ANTHEM

56
Q

What is Social meaning?

A

The words or signs people use give clues as to identity, - who they are or where they are from. Eg age, region, gender

Interpreting Ethics (5 decks)

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