comparisons Flashcards
free will vs determinism - biological
biological determinism
behaviour is controlled by internal biological factors
free will vs determinism - behaviourism
environmental determinism
behaviour is controlled by stimulus-response conditioning
free will vs determinism - slt
soft determinism
behaviour is controlled by environmental processes but humans do have free will in what they emulate
free will vs determinism - cognitive
soft determinism
behaviour is controlled by meditational processes but humans can choose what information they attend to
free will vs determinism - psychodynamic
psychic determinism
behaviour is determined by unconscious drives and psychosexual development
free will vs determinism - humanistic
free will
humans control their own environment and are capable/wanting to change
nature vs nurture - biological
nature
all behaviour is the result of innate biological factors
nature vs nurture - behaviourism
nurture
humans are born as tabula rasa and all their behaviour is learnt
nature vs nurture - slt
nurture
behaviour is learnt from observation and vicarious reinforcement
nature vs nurture - cognitive
interactionist
behaviour is the product of information processing and modified by experience
nature vs nurture - psychodynamic
interactionist
behaviour is the result of innate drives but shaped by early childhood experiences
nature vs nurture - humanistic
mostly nurture
behaviour shaped by the environment but self-actualisation is believed to be the innate goal of every person
reductionism vs holism - biological
biological reductionism
behaviour is broken down into biological processes
reductionism vs holism - behaviourism
environmental reductionism
behaviour is broken down into stimulus-response patterns
reductionism vs holism - slt
soft reductionism
shares elements of behaviourist and cognitive approach
reductionism vs holism - cognitive
experimental reductionism
behaviour is studied isolated from other aspects of the brain
reductionism vs holism - psychodynamic
interactionist
behaviour is reduced to innate drives while considering multiple aspects of human behaviour
reductionism vs holism - humanism
holism
focuses on understanding all aspects of human experience and interaction
idiographic and nomothetic - biological
nomothetic
universal laws can be created as humans share similar physiologies
idiographic and nomothetic - behaviourism
nomothetic
universal laws can be created as all behaviour is motivated by stimulus-response
idiographic and nomothetic - learning theory
nomothetic
universal laws can be created as everyone can be subject to vicarious reinforcement
idiographic and nomothetic - cognitive
interactionist
attempts to establish universal laws of cognitive processing but takes idiographic approach with case studies
idiographic and nomothetic - psychodynamic
interactionist
attempts to establish universal laws of innate drives but considers unique experiences of the individual
idiographic and nomothetic - humanism
idiographic
focuses on the individual human experience with no attempt to create general laws
views on development
psychodynamic - coherent - concepts and processes to stages determined by age
cognitive - contributed to understanding of development eg children form increasingly complex schemas as they get older
biological approach - genetically determined changes in child’s physiological status influence psychological and behavioural characteristics
humanistic - development of self is ongoing throughout life - childhood particular important - relationship with parent important in terms of unconditional positive regard
behaviourist and slt - do not offer coherent stage theories of development - see processes that underpin learning as continuous - occurring at any age
explanation and treatment of psychological disorders
behaviourist - abnormality as arising from maladaptive or faulty learning so destructive patterns reinforced
- systematic desensitisation aim to condition new, more healthy responses
slt - relatively little application to treatment - principles of modelling and observational learning used to explain negative behaviours eg aggression - influence of dysfunctional models
psychodynamic - freud saw anxiety disorders as emerging from unconscious conflict, childhood trauma and overuse of defence mechanisms - psychoanalysis - some success as therapy but not appropriate for everyone due to time, ability to talk and reflection on emotions
cognitive - cognitive therapy - more effective and applicable eg CBT for depression - aims to identify and eradicate faulty thinking assumed to be cause of maladaptive behaviour
humanist - humanistic therapy based on roger’s philosophy that closing gap between self-concept and ideal self will increase self-esteem and stimulate personal growth - effective
biological - drug therapy regulating chemical imbalances in brain
