Comparison of nervous systems

Question 1

conscious/subconscious control

The somatic nervous system:
The autonomic nervous system:

Answer 1

conscious

Subconscious

Question 2

The somatic nervous system: What are the effectors?

Answer 2

skeletal muscle

Question 3

The autonomic nervous system: What are the effectors?

Answer 3

Smooth/cardiac muscle

Question 4

myelinated/unmyelinated

The somatic nervous system:
The autonomic nervous system:

Answer 4

myelinated

unmyelinated

Question 5

Autonomic nervous system:neurotransmiter

Answer 5

• noradrenaline

- acetylcholine

Question 6

which out of the somatic and autonomic nervous system has 2 antagonist sub-systems

Answer 6

The autonomic nervous system

Question 7

autonomic/somatic nervous system:

Which is involved in the eye-blink reflex

Answer 7

The somatic nervous system

Question 8

autonomic/somatic nervous system: involved in iris reflex (pupil dilation)

Answer 8

The autonomic nervous system

Question 9

autonomic/somatic nervous system:

involved in heart rate control

Answer 9

The autonomic nervous system

Question 10

autonomic/somatic nervous system:

Involved in ventilation movements

Answer 10

The autonomic nervous system

Question 11

autonomic/somatic nervous system:

Involved in swallowing reflex

Answer 11

The somatic nervous system

Question 12

autonomic/somatic nervous system:

Involved in temperature control

Answer 12

The autonomic nervous system

Question 13

Explain the function of the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 13

The autonomic nervous system includes all the motor neurones that take information to the internal organs. It controls the activity of the smooth muscle in the body (arteries/arterioles and the wall of the gut). It also control the rate of beating of the cardiac muscles.
Most of the activities that are controlled by the autonomic nervous system are not usually under voluntary control.

Question 14

The autonomic nervous system is divided into two components:

Answer 14

1. The Sympathetic Nervous System

2. The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 15

The sympathetic nervous system

Answer 15

The motor neurones of the sympathetic nervous system go to all the organs within the body. The neurotransmitter that they release is called Noradrenaline.
Noradrenaline has similar effects on target tissues as the hormone adrenaline.

Question 16

Noradrenaline causes an increase in

Answer 16

heart rate
Breathing rate;
Blood pressure
Dilation of pupil of the eye

Question 17

Define antagonism

Answer 17

A mammal is rarely fully relaxed or active. The two divisions work ANTAGONISTICALLY
Opposing signals from the two types of neurones adjust an organ’s activity to an appropriate level –such as HEART RATE.

Question 18

Control of heart rate:

What part of the brain influence heart rate?

Answer 18

The cardiovascular system in the medulla oblongata. Nerves from here affect the frequency of contractions; action potentials sent along the accelerator nerve increase heart rate, those sent along the vagus nerve decrease heart rate.

Question 19

Control of heart rate:

Answer 19

Controlled by a region of the brain called the medulla oblongata.
The medulla oblongata has two centres:
Centre which increases heart rate- linked to the sinoatrial node by sympathetic nervous system.

Centre which decreases heart rate –linked to sinoatrial node by the parasympathetic nervous system.
CO2 and pressure changes in the blood stimulate parts of the brain via receptors

Question 20

Describe how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are involved in the control of ventilation rate (4marks).

Answer 20

1. During exercise there is an increased rate of respiration
2. This cause the pCO2 to increase/blood pH CO2 to fall
3. This is detected by the chemorecptors in the aortic bodies

Question 21

The key areas of the brain that are associated with speech and language are found in the:

Answer 21

Left hemisphere. Motor portions of language are attributed to Broca’s area within the frontal lobe.

Question 22

Speech comprehension is attributed to what area?

Answer 22

Wernicke’s area at the temporal-parietal lobe junction.

These two regions are interconnected by a large white matter tract, the arcuate fisculus

Question 23

Explain the location an function of Broca’s area

Answer 23

Located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere only;
Involved in production of articulate speech, clear and fluent.
Motor neurones from Broca’s area stimulate the muscles of the mouth, larynx, intercostal muscles and diaphragm to produce vocal sounds

Question 24

Describe the possible effects of injury to the Brocas area

Answer 24

Injury to Broca’s area can cause difficulty in speaking. The individual may know what words he or she wishes to speak, but will be unable to do so. The condition is called Broca’s aphasia (or expressive aphasia).

Question 25

Describe the possible effects of injury to the Wernicke’s area

Answer 25

located in the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere only, next to the primary auditory cortex.
Involved in the interpretation of both written and spoken language, referred to as the language comprehension centre.
Vital for locating appropriate words from memory to identify meaning.

Question 26

Describe the possible effects of injury to the Wernicke’s area

Answer 26

People who have damage in this area of the brain can not understand someone speaking to them, even though they can hear perfectly. A condition called Wernicke’s aphasia (or Receptive Aphasia)

Question 27

Briefly describe the concept of the sensory/ motor homunculus

Answer 27

Some parts of the body contain more receptors than others, and consequently a larger area of brain is devoted to them.

Question 28

What is the motor homunculus?

Answer 28

This model shows what a personsbody would look like if each part grew in proportion to the area of the cortex of the brain concerned with its movement

Question 29

What is the sensory homunculus?

Answer 29

This model shows what a man’s body would look like if each part grew in proportion to the area of the cortex of the brain concerned with its sensory perception