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Biology need to knows⚠️ > Cell Organelles & Tissues > Flashcards

Cell Organelles & Tissues Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Carries the DNA code for amino acid sequences

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2
Q

What does the nuclear envelope do?

A

Separates the genetic material from the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pore?

A

Allows transport of MRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid)

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4
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Synthesis of ribosomes

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5
Q

Name some important parts of a ribosomes structure?

A
  • consists of two subunits ( large & small subunit)

- can be free or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

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6
Q

What is a ribosome funcion?

A

Protein synthesis

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • forms a system of flattened sacks (cisternae) which are continuos with the nuclear membrane or may link to Golgi apparatus
  • RER has ribosomes attached
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8
Q

Briefly describe the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

To transport the proteins synthesized by ribosomes

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9
Q

What are organelles?

A

Specialized structures living within a cell

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10
Q

What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

A

Vesicles transport proteins to Golgi body to be modified and packaged. The modified proteins are then packaged into vesicles to be transported around the cell or out of the cell

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11
Q

Describe the function of centrioles

A

Used in spindle formation (microtubes) in cell division

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12
Q

Describe the function of vesicles in animal cells

A

Act as a contractile vacuole to maintain osmotic pressure

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13
Q

Describe the function of vesicles in plant cells

A

Storage of ions and organic molecules e.g protein and maintaing osmotic pressure

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14
Q

Describe the function of the permanent vacuole

A

Break down complex molecules, store nutrients & non nutrient chemicals and help maintain pressure within a cell

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15
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides strength and support and it is freely permeable to water

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16
Q

Describe the function of the plasmodesmata

A
  • Exchange of large organic materials via cytoplasmic streaming.
  • Allows communication between adjacent cells
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17
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A
  • Contain and isolate digestive enzymes

- digestion of materials taken into the cells

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18
Q

Describe the structure of lysosomes

A

Small vacuoles formed when small portions of the Golgi body are pinched off

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19
Q

Describe the function of chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis

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20
Q

Describe the structure of chloroplasts

A
  • double membrane

- contains thylakoids which forms sacks called granum

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21
Q

Define thylakoid

A

each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast

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22
Q

What are cisterna?

A

A flattened membrane disk that makes up the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

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23
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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24
Q

Describe the structure of plasmodesmata

A

A narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

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25
Q

What organelles do a typical prokaryote cell contain?

A
  • cytoplasm
  • capsule
  • flagellum
  • bacterial chromosome
  • plasma membrane
  • cell wall
  • mesosome
  • ribosome
  • unfolding of membrane
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26
Q

What is the function of striated (skeletal) muscle?

A
  • attached mainly to bones and skin and is responsible for the mobility of the limbs
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27
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A
  • regulates airflow in lungs
  • in arteries & veins they are responsible for regulating blood pressure
  • shrinking the size of the pupil
  • in bladder to push out urine
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28
Q

Define specialised cell?

A

Some cells are modified to carry our a particular function

29
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is an ensemble of similar cells from the same origin that together carry out a specific function e.g muscle

30
Q

What are organs?

A

They are formed by grouping together particular tissues e.g lungs

31
Q

List the organelles found only in animal cells?

A
  • centrioles

- lysosome

32
Q

List the organelles found only in plant cells

A
  • chloroplasts
  • cellulose cell wall
  • permanent vacuole
33
Q

List all the organelles found in both plant and animal cells

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • ER
  • vesicles
34
Q

What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A
  • prokaryotic cell walls are made out of peptidoglycen (murein) whereas eukaryote cells are made of chitin
  • DNA is circular in prokaryotic cells and linear in eukaryotic cells
  • cell membrane may have unfolding called mesosome and eukaryotes do not
35
Q

What is connective tissue called?

A

Collagen

36
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

It is a type of protein fiver that provides strength and cushioning to many different areas of the body

37
Q

What is the function of cuboidal epithelia?

A

Cuboidal epithelium is found in organs specials for secretion and those are specialised for diffusion. These cells provide protection

38
Q

What is the function of ciliates epithelia?

A

To move secretions and foreign bodies away with certain direction of rapid wave like motions from the hair like structures that cover their free surfaces

39
Q

What is the function of a virus?

A

It is composed of a genome, Casper and viral envelope. They are a cellular non-living organisms

40
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the internal cell membranes around the organelles?

A
  • passive osmosis and diffusion
  • transporting of proteins and nutrients
  • endocytosis: absorption of molecules
  • excytosis: removing nutrients through the partially permeable membrane
41
Q

Name some of the components of a chloroplast

A
  • membrane
  • stroma
  • granum
  • Inner/outer membrane
  • thylakoid
  • intergranel lamellar
  • circle of DNA
42
Q

Name some of the components of a mitochondria

A
  • inner/outer membrane
  • matrix
  • ribosomes
  • cristae
43
Q

What is the equation for magnification

A

Magnification = image size X actual size

44
Q

Name some of the components of a virus

A
  • Lipid bilayer
  • protein coats
  • reverse transcriptase enzymes
  • RNA & DNA (genetic material)
  • envelope glycoprotein
45
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A
  • lining tissue, covers the surface of organs, cavities and tubes
  • cells packed closely together
  • rest on basement membrane
46
Q

Structure of squamous epithelium

A
  • cells are thin and smooth
47
Q

Location of squamous epithelium

A
  • cheek cells

- in lungs

48
Q

Function of squamous epithelium

A

Provide a short diffusion pathway

49
Q

Structure of cuboidal epithelial cells

A

Box shaped

50
Q

Function of cuboidal cells

A

Absorption and secretion

51
Q

Location of cuboidal epithelial cells

A
  • kidney tubule
52
Q

Structure of columnar epithelial

A
  • Cells are column shaped

- some cells have cilia, some have microvilli

53
Q

Function of columnar epithelial

A
  • wafting pathogens

- absorption

54
Q

Location of culumnar epithelial

A
  • small intestine

- respiratory system

55
Q

Describe muscle tissue

A
  • muscle tissues are all able to shorten their length (they can contract)
  • they are three types muscle tissue: skeletal (striated) smooth and cardiac
  • inside the cells are protein fibres made of actin & myosin which slide past each other to shorten the cell
56
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscle

A
  • Muscle cells are joined together to form fibres

- the striated (stripes) are caused by overlapping protein molecules in the cells

57
Q

Describe the function of skeletal muscle

A
  • Used to move organisms
  • support soft tissue
  • maintain posture
58
Q

Location of skeletal muscle

A
  • bones (by tendents)
59
Q

Describe the structure of smooth muscle

A
  • unstriated individual cells which can shorten in length
60
Q

Describe the function of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary muscle movements

61
Q

Describe the location of smooth muscle

A
  • urinary tract
  • eyes
  • digestive system (intestine)
62
Q

Describe the structure of cardiac muscle

A
  • the fibres are striated and branched

- are attached at their ends to adjoining fibres by thick plasma membrane called intercalated discs

63
Q

Describe the function of cardiac muscle

A

Pump heart

64
Q

Where is the location of cardiac muscle

A

Heart

65
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • To connect, support or separate tissues and organs
  • It contains elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellular fluid or matrix
  • Between the fibres are fat-storing cells (adipocytes) and cells of the immune system
66
Q

What is an organ?

A
  • An organ comprises several tissues working together, performing a specific function
  • In humans, for example, the eye contains nervous, connective, muscle and epithelial tissues and is the organ of sight
  • In plants, the leaf contains epidermal tissue, vascular tissue and packing or ‘ground’ tissue between the vascular bundles, which is specialised for photosynthesis
67
Q

What is an organ system?

A

-An organ system is a group of organs working together with a particular role

68
Q

define organism

A

All the systems of the body work together, making an organism

Biology need to knows⚠️ (18 decks)

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