comparison of approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

nature vs nurture debate

A

concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of behaviour are a product of either genetics or learned behaviours

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2
Q

what does nature refer to?

A

inherited / genetic

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3
Q

what does nurture refer to?

A

all environmental influences after conception

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4
Q

free will vs determinism debate

A

whether our behaviour is the result of forces that we have no control over or whether people can decide for themselves whether to act in a certain
way

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5
Q

free will

A

assumes that we have agency & have free to choose our behaviour

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6
Q

determinism

A

all behaviour is determined by forces that we have no control

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7
Q

holism vs reductionism debate

A

should behaviour be looked at in small parts or as a whole

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8
Q

reductionism

A

-the belief that human behaviour can be explained by breaking it down into smaller component parts

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9
Q

holism

A

refers to any approach that emphasises the whole rather than their constituent parts

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10
Q

idiographic vs nomothetic debate

A

should psychologists make general laws or focus on what makes each of us unique

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11
Q

nomothetic

A

-comes from the greek word “nomos” meaning “law”
-psychologists who adopt this approach are mainly concerned with studying what we share with others
-establishing laws or generalizations

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12
Q

idiographic

A

-comes from the greek word “idios” meaning “own” or “private”. -psychologists interested in this aspect of experience want to discover what makes each of us unique

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13
Q

practical applications of the psychodynamic approach:

A

1) freud developed a new type of therapy called psychoanalysis
↳ the first attempt to treat mental disorders psychologically rather than physically
↳ therapy used a range of techniques designed to access the unconscious
↳ this application has reduced suffering for people and is useful to society

2) talking therapies
↳ you talk to a therapist, one-on-one, about your thoughts and feelings

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14
Q

practical applications of the behaviourist approach:

A

1) the principles of conditioning have been applied to token economies
↳ appropriate behaviour is awarded with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges
↳ gives the approach more credibility and it has been useful for the wider population

2) has led to the development of
treatments, like systematic desensitisation & aversion therapy

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15
Q

practical applications of the cognitive approach:

A

1) cognitive research into internal mental processes has led to the development of CBT
↳ a form of therapy for a range of illnesses like depression that aims to try to identify maladaptive thoughts which could contribute to depression & try to change them to more rational thoughts
↳ successful treatment has emerged using the cognitive theory, supporting the cognitive approach

2) has helped improve the accuracy and reliability of EWT

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16
Q

practical applications of the humanistic approach:

A

CCT
↳ help them solve their own problems, in constructive ways and move towards to become a more fully functioning person
↳ unconditional positive regard is provided

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17
Q

practical applications of the social learning theory:

A

-explain many psychological disorders including: eating disorders and aggression
-has led to positive change (e.g. the introduction of the watershed on TV)

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18
Q

practical applications of the biological approach:

A

development of numerous drug therapies to treat disorders like: OCD, schizophrenia

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19
Q

biological approach: freewill vs determinism

A

biological determinism:
-suggests that behaviour is controlled by factors such as: genes, neurotransmitters, hormones and brain
structures

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20
Q

biological approach: nature vs nurture

A

nature:
-the biological approach argues that behaviour is determined by biological factors such as: genes & hormones)

21
Q

biological approach: reductionism vs.
holism

A

biological reductionism:
-the biological approach reduces behaviour to biological structures/processes and ignores the whole

22
Q

biological approach: idiographic vs nomothetic

A

nomothetic:
-the biological approach suggests that humans share similar physiology and that we invest can make universal laws regarding behaviour

23
Q

biological approach: scientific?

A

the biological approach promotes scientific methods of investigation

24
Q

behaviourist approach: determinism vs free will

A

environmental determinism:
-the behaviourist approach suggests that behaviour is determined by stimulus response conditioning

25
Q

behaviourist approach: nature vs nurture

A

nurture:
-the behaviourist approach argues that human are born tabula rasa (blank slate) and behaviour is learned

26
Q

behaviourist approach: reductionism vs holism

A

environmental reductionism:
-the behaviourist approach reduces behaviour to simple stimulus
response associacions

27
Q

behaviourist approach: idiographic vs nomothetic

A

nomothetic:
-the behaviourist approach creates general laws of behaviour (stimulus
response relationships)

28
Q

behaviourist approach: scientific

A
29
Q

social learning theory: determinism vs free will

A

soft determinism:
-acknowledges stimulus response but suggests that humans have some personal responsibility & free choice

30
Q

social learning theory: nature vs nurture

A

nurture:
-suggests that behaviour is learned via classical & operant conditioning, ignores biological factors

31
Q

social learning theory: reduction vs holism

A

no stands

32
Q

social learning theory: nomothetic vs idiographic

A

nomothetic:
-SLT aims to establish laws of behaviour (e.g. imitation or role models)
-SLT uses lab experiments to generate quantitative data to make generalisations

33
Q

social learning theory: scientific?

A

-SLT utilises scientific methods of investigation, which researchers can replicate (e.g. bandura’s bobo doll experiment)
-SLT also considers mediational processes which are unobservable

34
Q

cognitive approach: deterministic or free will

A

soft determinism:
-cognitive approach suggests that behaviour is the result of mediational processes however human can
choose what information they attend to

35
Q

cognitive approach: nature vs nurture

A

nature & nurture:
-the cognitive approach suggests that information processing is modified as a result of experience

36
Q

cognitive approach: holism vs reductionism

A

experimental reductionism:
-the cognitive approach studies cognitive processes, reducing behaviour and processes into isolated variables for testing

37
Q

cognitive approach: nomothetic vs idiographic

A

mainly nomothetic:
-the cognitive approach typically uses nomothetic approaches to establish general laws of cognitive processing
-however, case studies are sometimes used (e.g. patient KF, HM, etc.) utilising idiographic approaches

38
Q

cognitive approach: scientific?

A

-utilises scientific s methods of
investigation (e.g. studies of memory & observation)
-however, researchers are unable to directly observe cognitive processes

39
Q

psychodynamic approach: determinism vs free will

A

physic determinism:
-according to the psychodynamic
approach, behaviour is determined by unconscious drives and early childhood experiences

40
Q

psychodynamic approach: nature vs nurture

A

mostly nature:
-the psychodynamic approach suggests that behaviour is caused by innate drives -although early childhood experiences also shape our behaviour.

41
Q

psychodynamic approach: reductionism vs holism

A

reductionism & holism:
-the psychodynamic
approach suggests that behaviour is reduced to innate drives, however the approach also takes into account all aspects of human behaviour

42
Q

psychodynamic approach: nomothetic vs idiographic

A

nomothetic & idiographic:
-the psychodynamic approach uses nomothetic approaches to create general laws about innate drives
-it also takes into account the unique experience of early childhood experiences (idiographic)

43
Q

psychodynamic approach: scientific?

A

not scientific:
-the psychodynamic approach uses many concepts/ theories which can not be empirically tested (e.g. ID)
-there is a large element of subjective interpretation

44
Q

humanistic approach: free will vs determinism

A

free will (main assumption)

45
Q

humanistic approach: nature vs nurture

A

mostly nurture:
-the humanist approach argues that humans have an innate drive to self-actualise
-the environment and our experiences shape this journey

46
Q

humanistic approach: holism vs reductionism

A

holism:
approach rejects scientific methods of
investigation and focuses on understanding all aspects of human experience and interaction

47
Q

humanistic approach: nomothetic vs idiographic

A

idiographic:
-the humanistic approach is the only approach to focus on subjective human experience and makes no attempt to generalis

48
Q

humanistic approach: scientific?

A

-rejects scientific methods
-is unable to provide empirical evidence to support its theories