Comparing HS and BoD accross Countries Flashcards
Primary production
the process of producing natural products for human use such as plants and animals
Subsistence farming
self-sufficient farming carried out by individuals to provide food for themselves and their family
Gross National Income (GNI)
the total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country
Economic characteristics of countries
- levels of poverty
- range of industries
- opportunities for global trade
- average incomes
Social characteristics of countries
- gender equality
- birth rates & population growth (low for high)
- levels of employment
- levels of education
- social security systems
- health system
- access to technology
- legal systems
Environmental characteristics of countries
- access to safe water and sanitation
- food security
- housing
- infrastructure
- levels of CO2 emissions (high for high)
Extreme poverty
Living on less than US$1.90 per day
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
a measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period
Similarities between countries
- variation exists within the country
- life expectancy is increasing
- infant, u5mr, maternal decreasing
- non-communicable diseases account for greatest proportion of deaths
- rates of obesity are increasing
Differences between countries
- life expectancy generally fluctuates more in low- and middle-
- life expectancy is higher in high-income
- mortality rates increase as average income decreases
- mortality from infectious diseases are higher in low-
- many middle- and low- experience double burden of disease
- rate of yld increases as average income increases
- rate of daily and yll increase as average income decreases
Gender equality
when males and females have equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities
Urban slums
a settlement, neighbourhood or region comprised of housing that does not provide the essential conditions required to live a healthy life
communicable diseases
infectious diseases that are transmitted from the environment; including through air, water, food, and other infected organisms
Non-communicable diseases
conditions that are usually long- lasting and generally progress slowly. They are not spread through the environment and include CVD, cancer, respiratory diseases and diabetes
Malaria
A communicable disease that is transmitted via infected mosquitoes
HIV
an infection that results in the gradual depletion and weakening of the immune system, resulting in increased susceptibility to other infections such as pneumonia and tuberculosis
AIDS
the most advanced stage of HIV infections
Double burden of disease
when conditions associated with both poverty and wealth exist side-by-side in one community, such as undernutrition and obesity
Safe water
Safe or ‘clean water’ refers to water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury
Stagnant water
water without a current or flow
Sanitation
Generally, refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, but can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
Adequate sanitation requires a flushing toilet or covered latrine and the hygienic removal or containment of the waste production
Latrine
A simple communal toilet facility, often a trench dug in the ground or a pit
Poverty
poverty refers to deprivation. Deprivation is the damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society
Extreme/absolute poverty
those living on less that a certain amount per day (US$1.90 a day)
Relative poverty
those living on less than 50% of their country’s average income
Discrimination
Unjust treatment and the violation of rights of an individual due to factors such as their age, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status
Refugee
Someone who is outside their country and cannot return without risking their life or freedom due to conflict or persecution
Internally displaced person
A person who has been forced to flee their home to escape conflict, persecution, or disasters, however, they have not crossed an international border and remain inside their country
Human rights
Relates to the freedoms and conditions to which every person is entitled
Racial discrimination
When a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, colour, descent national or ethnic origin or immigrant status
Religious discrimination
When a person is treated differently because of the particular beliefs which they hold about a religion
Sex
Refers to the physiological characteristics, including the DNA and sex organs, present in an individual at birth
Sexual orientation
Describes the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to
Heterosexual
Those attracted to members of the opposite sex
Homosexual
Usually described as gay or lesbian
Bisexual
Attracted to both sexes
Asexual
Not attracted to either sex
Gender identity
Describes how individuals perceive themselves as male, female, a blend of both, or neither. A person’s gender identity can be the same or different from the sex assigned at birth
Cisgender
A person whose gender identity is consistent with the sex assigned to them at birth
Transgender
A person who identifies with the opposite sex to that assigned to them at birth
Gender non-conforming individuals
Individuals who do not identify as either gender, or identify with a combination of both male and female genders
Globalisation
The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, group and companies to act on a global scale. It can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society. A reduction in barriers to trade, communication and transport contributes to this process.
