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English Language > Comparing And Contrasting Texts * > Flashcards

Comparing And Contrasting Texts * Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

Non-fluency features

A
  • Fillers ‘uhm’ ‘er’
  • False starts ‘I was (.) I was about to’
  • Pauses: micro pauses/timed pause ‘(.)’
  • Hedges (vague language) ‘I think’
  • Self correction or repair (making a mistake and correcting it)
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2
Q

Hallidays Categories of Register

A

Field: the subject matter will determine the vocab used and that affects the formality of the register

Tenor: the relationship between the participants (speakers/listeners) (producer/receiver)

Mode: the mode of communication: spoken, written, mixed or multi-modal

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2
Q

Joos (1961) levels of formality

A

Frozen: printed, unchanging language such as bible quotations

Formal: one way participation, no interruption. Technical vocabulary

Consultative: two way participation. Background information is provided. Back channeling ‘uh huh’ is common, interruptions allowed

Casual: group of friends + acquaintances. No background info provided. Ellipsis, slang, commas + interruptions

Intimate: non public. Intonation more important than wording or grammar. Private vocab
e.g. where are you bitch

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3
Q

Features of formal language

A
  • Standard English
  • Euphemism
  • Latinate
  • Polysyllabic
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4
Q

Features of informal language

A
  • Taboo/slang/vulgarism
  • Colloquialism
  • Fillers ‘uhm’
  • Contractions
  • Idiom
  • Dysphemism (rude Lang)
  • Ellipsis
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5
Q

Discourse structure

A

1) adjacency pairs
2) turn taking
3) opener and closer
4) Topic management and framing

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6
Q

Discourse Structure

Insertion Sequence

A

Adjacency pies esperares by intervening utterances

e. g.
a) shall I wear the blue ones
b) you’ve got the black ones
a) they’re not comfortable
b) wear the blue ones then

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7
Q

Discourse Structure

Tag Questions

A

That’s the food, right?

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8
Q

Discourse Structure

Preferred/dispreferred response

A

Pr: a question is expected to be complemented by an answer

Dr: not to answer question, or in inappropriate length, interrupt smooth flow of a conversation or

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9
Q

Discourse Structure

Openers

A

Discourse markers

e.g. so how are you?

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10
Q

Discourse Structure

Framing

A

Controlling a conversation

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11
Q

Discourse Structure

Agenda Setting

A

The initial establishment of the topic

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12
Q

Discourse Structure

Topic Management

A

Organisation of topics, can move from speaker to speaker (more informal setting)

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13
Q

Discourse Structure

Closers

A

Discourse markers

e.g. right, best be off

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14
Q

Discourse Structure

Self related comment

A

Comment about them self

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15
Q

Discourse Structure

Other related comment

A

Comment about someone else

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16
Q

Discourse Structure

Neutral comment

A

Comment on the weather for example

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17
Q

Discourse Structure

Phatic Communication

A

Small talk

e.g. hi how are you’

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18
Q

Discourse Structure

Back channeling

A

‘Yeah’ as someone talks

Showing signs of recognition

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19
Q

Politeness Strategies

Goffman (1950’s)

A

In most interactions we are trying to save ours and others faces

Positive face: Keeping a positive expression to make you look good
> self esteem threatened when criticised

Negative face: Self interest, threatened when we’re asked to do something we don’t want to do

Face threatening act: When a persons face is threatened - rudeness

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20
Q

Politeness Strategies

Brown and Levinson (1970)

A

Positive Politeness Strategies: seek to form a closer relationship with the listener and are intended to avoid giving offence by highlighting friendliness
(jokes, nicknames, compliments)

Negative Politeness Strategies: seek to maintain a distance between the speaker and listener. They are intended to avoid giving offence by showing respect
(Questioning, hedging, disagreements as an opinion)

Bald on record: speaker is blunt and direct. Doesn’t avoid threatening face (‘get out’)

Off-record: when face is threatened at all
(‘this room is quite messy, isn’t it?’)

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21
Q

Politeness Strategies

Brown and Levinson (1970)
Three ‘sociological variables’

A

i) the social distance of the speaker and hearer
> greater distance, more polite

(ii) the relative power of the speaker over the hearer
> greater power, more politeness

(iii) the absolute ranking of impositions in the particular culture
> heavier the imposition on the hearer m, more polite

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22
Q

Grices Maxims

A

Maxims = rules we follow to
communicate successfully.

  1. Maxim of quantity:
    Don’t say more or less than what is required.
  2. Maxim of quality:
    Don’t say what you believe may be false.
  3. Maxim of relation:
    Don’t give irrelevant information.
  4. Maxim of manner
    Be clear
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23
Q

Lakoff

Maxims of Politeness

A

Maxims of politeness:

  1. Don’t impose
    > Excuse me… Could you possibly…
  2. Give options
    > If you don’t mind… If you have a minute…
  3. Make the receiver feel good
    > Thanks so much… That’s a good idea…
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24
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - nouns

Concrete Noun

A

Things that physically exist

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25
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - nouns

Abstract Noun

A

Don’t physically exist, ideas and emotions

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26
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - nouns

Proper Noun

A

Names of people, places and organisations

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27
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - nouns

Collective Noun

A

Refers to a group

e.g. best class / flock of birds

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28
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - adjectives

Evaluative Adjective

A

Offer a judgement

e.g. the weather was dreadful

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29
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - adjectives

Comparative Adjective

A

End in -er

e.g. better

30
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - adjectives

Superlative Adjective

A

Expresses the highest degree of quality

e.g. is the best

31
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - adjectives

Attributive Adjective

A

Come before the noun they modify

e.g. do you have any available tables for tonight?

32
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - adjectives

Predicative Adjective

A

Come after the noun with a verb in between

e.g. do you know if this table is available?

33
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - adjectives

Post-positive Adjective

A

Comes immediately after the noun

e.g. is this table available?

34
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - verbs

Dynamic Verb

A

Physical actions

e.g. run/skipped/hopped

35
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - verbs

Stative Verb

A

States of feelings

e.g. thought/wanted/wished for/hated

36
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - verbs

Auxiliary Verb

A

Helping verb

e.g. am/is/has

37
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - verbs

Modal Verb
Deontic + Epistemic

A

Type of auxiliary verb
(will, must, possibly)

deontic: express certainty or compulsion
epistemic: expresses possibility and choice

38
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - verbs

Progressive Verb

A

An action in progress

e.g. running/skipping

39
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - verbs

Perfective Verb

A

An action that has been completed, comes with auxiliary

e.g. had finished

40
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - verbs

Progressive-perfective Verb

A

Express a completed action as though it was a skill in progress

e.g. look for- ing + has/ had= she has been crying all day long

41
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - adverbs

Adverbs of manner

A

Describes how something is done

e.g. she ran quickly

42
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - adverbs

Adverbs of manner
Time

A

When something happens or the frequency of something happening

e.g. I’ll call you tomorrow / I go to the cinema regularly

43
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - adverbs

Adverbs of manner
Degree

A

e.g. I am especially pleased with…I am particularly annoyed about…I am very happy about…I’m so cross with…

44
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - adverbs

Adverbs of manner
Place

A

Where something happens

e.g. I left my phone behind

45
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunction

A

Connect words or clauses that have ‘equal’ status

e.g. I like ice cream but I don’t like chocolate

46
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - conjunctions

Subordinating Conjunction

A

Connect words or clauses that have ‘unequal’ status

e.g. If you do that again, you’ll be in trouble

47
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - determiner

Demonstrative Pronoun

A

My / your that comes before a noun

48
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - determiner

Demonstrative Determiner

A

That / this

49
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - determiner

Definite Determiner

A

the

50
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - prepositions

Prepositions

A

under
after
over
etc

51
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - pronouns

First Person Personal Pronoun

A

i

52
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - pronouns

Second Person Personal Pronoun

A

You

53
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - pronouns

Third Person Personal Pronoun

A

He/She

54
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - pronouns

Singular Pronoun

A

One person

55
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - pronouns

Plural Pronoun

A

More than one person

56
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - pronouns

Processive Pronoun

A

Shows possession

Mine / yours / ours / theirs / his / hers

57
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - pronouns

Reflexive Pronoun

A

Has ‘self’ added to the pronoun

e.g. Do it yourself / I’ll do it myself

58
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - pronouns

Reciprocal Pronoun

A

Each other / one another

59
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - pronouns

Indefinite Pronoun

A

Somebody / someone

60
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - pronouns

Interrogative Pronoun

A

Found at the start of interrogatives

e.g. who / what / why

61
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - pronouns

Relative Pronoun

A

Follow the noun they refer to

e.g. that’s the dress I want to buy

62
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - Lexis

Modifiers

A 
A word (noun or adjective) that modified a sentence
/ adds to the sense of the head noun

e.g. large family home

63
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - Lexis

Neologisms

A

Newly created words

64
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - Lexis

Compound Words

A

New words created by joining two existing words together

e.g. dustbin

65
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - Semantics

Lexical field / Semantic field

A

Lexical: words connected in meaning that are connected to the subject matter of the text

Semantics: field of words connected in meaning that is not the subject matter of the text

66
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - Semantics

Collocations

A

Words that go together

e.g. salt + pepper / fish + chips

67
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - Semantics

Metaphor

A

Figurative not literal

68
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - Semantics

Pun

A

Play on words

69
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - Semantics

Hyperbole

A

Exaggeration

70
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - Semantics

Meiosis

A

Deliberate understatement

e.g. This diamond ring is a small token of my love for you

71
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - Semantics

Synecdoche

A

A part stands in for a whole or a whole stands for a part

e.g. I’m getting my new wheels today / the government will make an announcement today

72
Q

Lexis and Semantics
Word classes - Semantics

Metonymy

A

One thing represents something else

e.g. Wall Street represents the US banking system

English Language (8 decks)

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