CLA * Flashcards
PHONOLOGY
Babbling
6-9 MONTHS
Narrows to only the sounds needed in that language.
Variation or consonants and vowels.
Moves mouth more - pitch can change.
Huge ‘explosion’ sounds produced
(e.g. da da da)
PHONOLOGY
Consonant Clusters
Groups of consonants (e.g. ‘str’ ‘gl’) that demand more muscular control than single consonants or vowels.
Tend to appear later in baby’s utterances.
PHONOLOGY
Cooing
4-7 MONTHS
Attempt to communicate.
Longer vowel sounds - open airflow - cant restrict.
(e.g. ooh)
PHONOLOGY
Phonemic Contraction
Sounds are reduced, only make sounds of their own language.
After 9 months
PHONOLOGY
Phonemic Expansion
Amount of sounds/vowels increases muscular control develops.
Produce sounds from all different languages.
6-9 months
PHONOLOGY
Protowords
Cluster of sounds.
Baby’s attempt to articulate specific words (9-12 months)
PHONOLOGY
Reduplicated Monosyllabic
Repetition of a sound/syllable.
Feature of ‘baby talk’
e.g. choo-choo , moo-moo , ba 👹
PHONOLOGY
Vegetative State
Few ways of communicating.
Crying expresses their needs
PHONOLOGY
Phoneme
Unit of sound > 44 sounds
100 muscles are involved in speaking
PHONOLOGY
Assimilation
Borrowing/reduplicating a sound that’s in the word and replacing it.
e.g. ‘garden’ > ‘darden’
PHONOLOGY
Phonemic Deletion
Omit the sound
e.g. /pl/ > /p/
play > pay
PHONOLOGY
Phonemic Substitution
Replace the difficult sound with an easier one.
e.g. /dat/ , /dere/ /dis/
PHONOLOGY
Consonant
Most master all consonants at age 7
PHONOLOGY
Vowel
Come first in a child’s language development.
Vowels tend to be easier to master than consonants.
PHONOLOGY
Monophthong
Shows that a vowel is spoken with exactly one tone and one mouth position.
e.g. when you say “teeth”, then while you are creating the sound of the “ee”, nothing changes for that sound
PHONOLOGY
Diphthong
A combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.
The tongue moves during the pronunciation of the vowel
/aɪ/ , /eɪ/ , /əʊ/ ,/aʊ/ ,/eə/ ,/ɪə/ ,/ɔɪ/, /ʊə/.
PHONOLOGY
Velar Consonant
Back part of the tongue against the soft palate.
/k/ /g/ /n/
PHONOLOGY
Alveolar Consonant
Touching ridge behind the teeth.
/t/ /n/ /d/
PHONOLOGY
Bilabial Consonant
Both lips.
/p/ > purse , rap
/b/ > back , cab
/m/ > mad , clam
PHONOLOGY
Fricative
A consonant that is made when you squeeze air through a small hole or gap in your mouth.
There are 9 fricative consonants in English:
/v/ /f/ /z/ /s/ etc
PHONOLOGY
Plosive
Made by completely blocking the air flow of air as it leaves the body, normally followed by releasing the air.
English has six plosive consonants m:
/p/ /t/ /k/ /b/ /d/ /g/
..
Virtuous Errors
Show evidence of a child’s acquisition of language they are learning.
(e.g.
GRAMMATICAL STAGES
Holophrastic Stage
12 months approximately
Mainly nouns
One word utterances
GRAMMATICAL STAGES
Two Word Stage
18 Months - 2 Years
Utterances constructed of two words
Mainly subject and verb
or
Verb and object
GRAMMATICAL STAGES
Telegraphic Stage
2 Years - 3 Years
Can construct utterances of three words or more.
Mainly nouns and verbs - the content words
Tend to omit auxiliaries, prepositions, (in)definite articles.
Form basic questions
e.g. why he go
Form basic negatives
e.g. I not want that
GRAMMATICAL STAGES
Post-telegraphic Stage
3 Years Plus
Begins to use:
auxiliary verbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Indefinite and Definite Articles
Construct more accurate questions
Begin to form negatives
Begin to use correct inflections
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Categorial Overextention
Relates to confusing a hypernym (fruit) with a hyponym (e.g. banana)
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Analogical Overextention
Associating objects which are unrelated but which have one or more common feature.
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Predicate Overextention
Conveying meaning that relates to absence. (Thing that’s no longer there)
e.g. saying cat when looking at cats empty basket
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Underextention
e.g. shoe is used for their shoe, not other shoes
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Hypernyms
Category of words.
e.g. fruit
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Hyponyms
Words in category.
e.g. banana, apple, orange
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Labelling
Making the link between sounds or words and the object to which they refer.
(Jean Aitchison - 1987)
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Network Building
Involves grasping the connections between words.
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Packaging
Understanding a words range of meaning.
What are the limits/boundaries of this word?
(Over/underextension - through practice and interaction)
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Productive Vocabulary
What a child can say.
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Receptive Vocabulary
What a child understands.
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Nouns
60% of child’s first words will be a noun - Nelson
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Verbs
Auxiliary verb: Verbs that supports the main verb.
Main verb: carries the most meaning state or an action.
e.g. I do not like that.
do > auxiliary
like > main verb
e.g. can I have a biscuit?
can > auxiliary
have > main verb
LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC DEVELOPMENT
Lexicon size
18 months - 50 words
2 Years - 200 words
5 Years - 2,000 words
7 Years - 4,000 words
