Comp Organization GeeksForGeeks 1-5

Question 1

The basic components of a computer include

Answer 1

the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage (hard drive or solid-state drive), input devices (keyboard, mouse, etc.), output devices (monitor, printer, etc.), and various peripheral devices (such as USB drives or external hard drives).

Question 2

CPU

Answer 2

CPU is often considered the brain of the computer, as it performs most of the processing and calculations required for a computer to function.

brain of the computer and performs the bulk of the processing tasks.

Question 3

RAM

Answer 3

RAM is the temporary memory that stores data and instructions while the computer is running, while storage is the long-term memory where data is stored even when the computer is turned off.

Memory, also known as RAM, is where data and instructions are temporarily stored while the computer is running.

Question 4

input devices

Answer 4

allow users to input data or commands into the computer, while output devices display the results of the computer’s processing.

Question 5

peripheral devices

Answer 5

additional components that can be added to a computer to enhance its functionality.

Question 6

computer

Answer 6

electronic device that can perform tasks based on instructions provided to it. It consists of hardware components such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and storage devices.

Question 7

Input/output devices

Answer 7

such as a keyboard, mouse, and monitor, allow users to interact with the computer and receive information from it.

Question 8

storage devices

Answer 8

such as a hard drive or solid-state drive, store data and programs permanently on the computer.

Question 9

Transistors

Answer 9

They only understand binary language whose vocabulary contains only two letters or states or symbols i.e. 0 and 1, True and False, On and off. To maintain the states transistors are used.

Transistors are tiny device that are used to store 2 values 1 and 0 or on and off.
If the transistor is on we say that it has a value 1, and if it is off the value is 0.

Question 10

a memory chip contains hundreds of millions or even billions of transistors, each of which can be switched on or off individually. As transistor can store 2 distinct values, we can have millions of different values stored on a memory chip consisting entirely of 0’s and 1’s. But how a transistor get its value ?

Answer 10

When a very little amount of electric current passes through transistor it maintains the state of 1 and when there is no electric current then the transistor has the state of 0. Then how it’s all connected to computer ? This 0’s and 1’s forms the building block of computer. With the combinations of 0 and 1 we create a whole new language For example, 0 can be written as 0,

Question 11

What is software ?

Answer 11

Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do, when to do, and how to do. Example are, paint that we use in Microsoft, WhatsApp and games, all are the types of different software.

Question 12

Separate instructions are provided for the + operator so the computer knows how to do addition when it encounters + sign. So who converts this code? Instead of who we can ask what converts the code? And answer to that question is a software called interpreter that interprets our language code into binary code. Interpreter converts our code into machine language that can be understood by computer.

Answer 12

Suppose we want to add 2 number and want to know what 2 + 2 is 4. Then we must give the computer instructions,

Step-1: take 2 value.
Step-2: store that 2 value
Step-3: add 2 value by using + operator
Step-4: save the answer

Question 13

Now the question is how we give our input ?

We give our input with the use of hardware for example like scanner, keyboard, mouse. When we give input through hardware, the software interprets it into machine language and then it is processed and our output is shown.

Answer 13

Process: If we want to display letter ‘A’ on screen we first will open notepad. Then we will press Capslock key or shift key to make letter capital, after that we will press letter ‘a’. And our screen will show the letter ‘A’.

Under the hood process: When we pressed the capslock or shift key the software tells that whatever following this should be printed on the screen and after we have pressed the letter a which is small letter, the software first converts it into binary like it had converted the shift or capslock key and then after the computer understands it prints A on the screen.

Question 14

binary code

Answer 14

Computers communicate and process information using a binary code, which is a system of ones and zeroes. Each binary digit (or bit) represents a simple “on” or “off” state, and combinations of bits can represent more complex information.

Question 15

algorithms

Answer 15

An algorithm is a set of instructions or steps that a computer program follows to solve a problem or complete a task. Algorithms are used to perform a wide range of tasks, from sorting data to searching for patterns.

Question 16

programming languages

Answer 16

Programming languages are used to write computer programs. There are many different programming languages, each with its own syntax and set of rules.

Question 17

hardware vs. software

Answer 17

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, such as the CPU, memory, and storage devices. Software, on the other hand, refers to the programs and instructions that tell the hardware what to do.

Question 18

networks

Answer 18

Computers can be connected together in networks, which allow them to communicate and share resources. Networks can be wired or wireless, and can be used for tasks such as sharing files, accessing the internet, or playing multiplayer games.

Question 19

user interfaces

Answer 19

User interfaces are the means by which humans interact with computers. They can be graphical, such as a desktop or mobile operating system, or text-based, such as a command line interface.

Question 20

Personal computers (PCs)

Answer 20

These are the most common type of computer and are designed for personal use. PCs include desktops, laptops, and tablets.

Question 21

Servers

Answer 21

Servers are designed to manage and distribute resources and data to multiple users or devices. They are often used in businesses or organizations to store and share data and run applications.

Question 22

mainframes

Answer 22

Mainframe computers are large, powerful machines that are designed to handle massive amounts of data and perform complex operations. They are often used in large corporations or government agencies.

Question 23

supercomputers

Answer 23

Supercomputers are extremely powerful computers that are designed to process data at extremely high speeds. They are often used for scientific research and other specialized applications.

Question 24

embedded systems

Answer 24

Embedded systems are small computers that are built into other devices, such as appliances, cars, and medical devices. They are designed to perform specific functions and operate without human intervention.

Question 25

wearable computers

Answer 25

Wearable computers are small, portable devices that are worn on the body, such as smartwatches or fitness trackers. They are designed to track data and provide information on the go.

Question 26

processor

Answer 26

The processor is the brain of the computer, and it carries out all the instructions and calculations required by the system.

Question 27

memory

Answer 27

The memory or RAM (Random Access Memory) stores data temporarily for the processor to access quickly.

Question 28

storage

Answer 28

Storage devices like hard disks, solid-state drives, or external drives provide long-term storage for data and files.

Question 29

input devices

Answer 29

Input devices like keyboards, mice, scanners, and cameras enable the user to provide data and instructions to the computer.

Question 30

Output devices

Answer 30

Output devices like monitors, printers, and speakers display the results of the computer’s processing.

Question 31

operating system

Answer 31

The operating system manages the computer’s resources, controls the hardware, and runs application programs.

Question 32

networking

Answer 32

Networking capabilities allow computers to communicate and share resources with other computers and devices.

Question 33

software

Answer 33

Software is the set of instructions that tell the computer what to do, and it can range from simple applications to complex programs.

Question 34

graphics and sound

Answer 34

Graphics and sound capabilities enable the computer to display and manipulate images and play sounds and videos.

Question 35

connectivity

Answer 35

Connectivity features like USB, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Ethernet enable the computer to connect to other devices and the internet.

Question 36

Advantages of computers

Answer 36

Increased efficiency and productivity: Computers can perform tasks much faster and more accurately than humans, allowing for increased efficiency and productivity in various industries.

Storage and organization of information: Computers can store large amounts of data and organize it in a way that is easily accessible and searchable.

Improved communication: Computers enable people to communicate easily and instantly with others, regardless of their location.

Access to information and resources: The internet provides access to a vast amount of information and resources that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to obtain.

Automation of repetitive tasks: Computers can automate repetitive and mundane tasks, freeing up time and resources for more important work.

Question 37

Disadvantages of computers

Answer 37

Dependence on technology: Over-reliance on computers can lead to problems if they break down or malfunction, leading to loss of productivity and data.

Security risks: Computers can be vulnerable to viruses, malware, and hacking, leading to data breaches and other security risks.

Social isolation: The overuse of computers can lead to social isolation and reduced face-to-face interaction, leading to social and emotional problems.

Environmental impact: The production and disposal of computers can have a negative impact on the environment due to the use of resources and the creation of electronic waste.

Job displacement: Automation and the use of computers can lead to job displacement in certain industries, requiring workers to adapt to new skill sets or find new employment.

Question 38

Computer design

Answer 38

structure in which components relate to each other. The designer deals with a particular level of system at a time and there are different types of issues at different levels. At each level, the designer is concerned with the structure and function. The structure is the skeleton of the various components related to each other for communication. The function is the activities involved in the system.

Question 39

Issues in computer design

Answer 39

Assumption of infinite speed:
It can’t be assumed the infinite speed of the computer as it is not practical to assume the infinite speed. It creates problems in designers’ thinking as well.

Assumption of infinite Memory:
Like the speed of the computer, memory also can’t be assumed infinite. Storage is always finite and this is an issue in computer design.

Speed mismatch between memory and processor:
Sometimes it is possible that the speed of memory and processor does not match. It may be memory speed is faster or processor speed is faster. A mismatch between memory and processor leads to create problems in designing.

Handling of bugs and errors:
Handling bugs and errors are huge responsibility of any computer designer. Bugs and errors lead to the failure of the computer system. Sometimes these errors may be more dangerous.

Multiple processors:
Designing a computer system with multiple processors leads to the huge task of management and programming. It is a big issue in computer design.

Multiple threads:
A computer system with multiple threads is always a threat to the designer. A computer with several threads should be able to multi-tasking and multi-processing.

Shared memory:
If there are several processes to be executed at a time then all the processes share the same memory space. It should be managed in a specific way so that collision does not happen.

Disk access:
Disk management is the key to computer design. There are several issues with disk access. It may be possible that the system does not support multiple disk access.

Better performance:
It is always an issue. A designer always tries to simplify the system for better performance in reducing power and less cost.

Performance: One of the biggest challenges in computer design is optimizing performance. Designers need to balance factors such as processing power, memory capacity, and input/output speed to create a system that is fast and efficient.

Power consumption: As computing devices become more ubiquitous, power consumption has become a critical design consideration. Designers need to create systems that are energy-efficient to reduce the impact on the environment and improve battery life.

Security: With the growing amount of sensitive data being stored and processed on computing devices, security is a major issue. Designers need to build in strong encryption and authentication measures to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches.

Compatibility: As computing devices become more diverse, ensuring compatibility across platforms and devices is a key challenge. Designers need to create systems that can run seamlessly on a variety of operating systems and hardware configurations.

User experience: The user experience is a critical consideration in computer design. Designers need to create intuitive interfaces and experiences that are easy to use and navigate.

Reliability: Computing devices are expected to work reliably and consistently. Designers need to create systems that are resilient and can operate without failure for extended periods of time.

Question 40

Computer system level hierarchy

Answer 40

combination of different levels that connects the computer with the user and that makes the use of the computer. It also describes how the computational activities are performed on the computer and it shows all the elements used in different levels of system.

Question 41

Level 6
Level 5
Level 4
Level 3 System software
Level 2 machine
Level 1
Level 0 Digital Logic

Answer 41

User, executable programs
High Level lang, C++ & Java
Assembly lang and code
Operating system
instruction set architecture
control, microcode
circuits, Gates

Question 42

C0mputer system level hierarchy (7 levels):

Level-0:
It is related to digital logic. Digital logic is the basis for digital computing and provides a fundamental understanding of how circuits and hardware communicate within a computer. It consists of various circuits and gates etc.

Level-1:
This level is related to control. Control is the level where microcode is used in the system. Control units are included in this level of the computer system.

Level-2:
This level consists of machines. Different types of hardware are used in the computer system to perform different types of activities. It contains instruction set architecture.

Answer 42

Level-3:
System software is a part of this level. System software is of various types. System software mainly helps in operating the process and it establishes the connection between hardware and user interface. It may consist operating system, library code, etc.

Level-4:
Assembly language is the next level of the computer system. The machine understands only the assembly language and hence in order, all the high-level languages are changed in the assembly language. Assembly code is written for it.

Level-5:
This level of the system contains high-level language. High-level language consists of C++, Java, FORTRAN, and many other languages. This is the language in which the user gives the command.

Level-6:
This is the last level of the computer system hierarchy. This consists of users and executable programs.

Question 43

Levels of hierarchy:
1. Hardware level
2. Firmware level
3. Operating system level
4. Application level

Answer 43

1. This is the lowest level in the hierarchy and includes all the physical components of the computer system such as the CPU, memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and other peripherals.
2. This level includes the software that is stored in non-volatile memory, such as the BIOS or firmware on other devices, and is responsible for initializing and controlling the hardware.
3. This level includes the software that manages the resources of the computer system, provides a user interface, and runs application programs. Examples of operating systems include Windows, macOS, and Linux.
4. This level includes the software applications that run on the operating system and perform specific tasks such as word processing, spreadsheet calculations, or playing games.

Question 44

features of the computer system level hierarchy are:

1. Abstraction
2. Modularity
3. Interoperability
4. Scalability
5. Security

Answer 44

1. Each level in the hierarchy provides a level of abstraction from the underlying hardware, allowing software developers to write programs that are independent of the specific hardware components in the system.
2. Each level in the hierarchy can be designed and developed independently, allowing for easier maintenance and upgrades.
3. The different levels in the hierarchy are designed to work together seamlessly, allowing for software applications to run on different hardware platforms and operating systems.
4. The hierarchical design allows for the addition of new components and functionality, making it possible to scale up or down the system as needed.
5. The different levels in the hierarchy can be isolated from each other, providing a layered approach to security and reducing the risk of security breaches.

Question 45

Advantages of the computer system level hierarchy:

Answer 45

Modularity: The hierarchical approach to organizing computer systems allows for greater modularity, which can make it easier to develop, test, and maintain individual components.

Standardization: The use of standard interfaces and protocols between layers of the hierarchy can make it easier to integrate new components into a system and to reuse existing components in new contexts.

Abstraction: Each layer of the hierarchy can provide a higher level of abstraction, allowing programmers and users to interact with the system at a higher level of complexity without having to deal with the details of lower-level components.

Scalability: The hierarchical approach can make it easier to scale a system to handle larger workloads by adding more resources or components at different levels of the hierarchy.

Question 46

Disadvantages of the computer system level hierarchy:

Answer 46

Overhead: The additional layers of abstraction and communication between components can introduce additional overhead and complexity, which can reduce overall system performance.

Dependencies: Changes to one layer of the hierarchy can have ripple effects on other layers, which can make it difficult to modify or update a system without causing unintended consequences.

Inefficiency: In some cases, the hierarchical approach can lead to inefficiencies in the use of system resources, as components at different levels may not be optimized to work together efficiently.

Complexity: The hierarchical approach can make it difficult for users and developers to understand and navigate the system, especially as the number of components and layers increases.

Question 47

computer architecture

Answer 47

design of the internal workings of a computer system, including the CPU, memory, and other hardware components. It involves decisions about the organization of the hardware, such as the instruction set architecture, the data path design, and the control unit design

Question 48

computer architecture

Answer 48

design of the internal workings of a computer system, including the CPU, memory, and other hardware components. It involves decisions about the organization of the hardware, such as the instruction set architecture, the data path design, and the control unit design. optimizing the performance of a computer system and ensuring that it can execute instructions quickly and efficiently.

Question 49

Computer organization

Answer 49

operational units and their interconnections that implement the architecture specification. It deals with how the components of a computer system are arranged and how they interact to perform the required operations. Computer organization is concerned with the physical implementation of the architecture design and includes decisions about the interconnection and communication between components, such as the bus structure, memory hierarchy, and input/output systems.

Question 50

Computer Organization comes after the decision of Computer Architecture first.

Answer 50

Computer Organization is how operational attributes are linked together and contribute to realizing the architectural specification. Computer Organization deals with a structural relationship.

Question 51

Difference between computer architecture and computer organization:

Computer Architecture

Answer 51

Difference between computer architecture and computer organization:

Computer Organization

Question 52

Difference between computer architecture and computer organization:

Computer Architecture

Answer 52

Difference between computer architecture and computer organization:

Computer Organization

Question 53

Difference between Computer Architecture and Computer Organization:

Computer Architecture

Architecture describes what the computer does.

functional behavior of computing systems

high-level design issues

hardware

series of instrucctions, addressing modes, and registers

for design, architecture is fixed first

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

Comprises logical functions such as instructions set, registers, data types, and addressing modes

The different architectural categories found in our computer systems are as follows:
Von-Neumann Architecture
Harvard Architecture
Instruction Set Architecture
Micro-architecture
System Design

Makes computer hardware visible

Architecture coordinates the hardware and software of the system.

Software developer is aware of it

Examples- Intel and AMD created the x86 processor. Sun Microsystems and others created the SPARC processor. Apple, IBM, and Motorola created the PowerPC.

Answer 53

Difference between Computer Architecture and Computer Organization:

Computer Organization

Organization describes how it does it

Structural relationship

low-level design issues

indicates performance

Implementation of architecture is called organization

organization decided after architecture

also called microarchitecture

consists of physical units like circuit designs, peripherals and adders

CPU organization is classified into three categories based on the number of address fields:
Organization of a single Accumulator.
Organization of general registers
Stack organization

Details how well the computer performs

handles segments of the network in a system

Software programmer doesnt have to be aware of it

Organizational qualities include hardware elements that are invisible to the programmer, such as interfacing of computer and peripherals, memory technologies, and control signals.

Question 54

Basic computer instructions

Answer 54

elementary operations that a computer system can perform. These instructions are typically divided into three categories: data movement instructions, arithmetic and logic instructions, and control instructions.

Question 55

Data movement instructions

Answer 55

used to move data between different parts of the computer system. These instructions include load and store instructions, which move data between memory and the CPU, and input/output (I/O) instructions, which move data between the CPU and external devices.

Question 56

Arithmetic and logic instructions

Answer 56

used to perform mathematical operations and logical operations on data stored in the system. These instructions include add, subtract, multiply, and divide instructions, as well as logic instructions such as AND, OR, and NOT.

Question 57

Control instructions

Answer 57

control the flow of instructions within the computer system. These instructions include branch instructions, which transfer control to different parts of the program based on specified conditions, and jump instructions, which transfer control to a specified memory location.

Question 58

The basic computer has 16-bit instruction register (IR) which can denote either memory reference or ________.

Answer 58

register reference or input-output instruction

Question 59

Memory reference

Answer 59

These instructions refer to memory address as an operand. The other operand is always accumulator. Specifies 12-bit address, 3-bit opcode (other than 111) and 1-bit addressing mode for direct and indirect addressing.

15 14 12 11 0
I | OPCODE | MEMORY ADDRESS

Example – IR register contains = 0001XXXXXXXXXXXX, i.e. ADD after fetching and decoding of instruction we find out that it is a memory reference instruction for ADD operation.
Hence, DR ← M[AR]
AC ← AC + DR, SC ← 0

Question 60

Register Reference

Answer 60

These instructions perform operations on registers rather than memory addresses. The IR(14 – 12) is 111 (differentiates it from memory reference) and IR(15) is 0 (differentiates it from input/output instructions). The rest 12 bits specify register operation.

15 14 12 11 0
0 | 1 1 1 | REGISTER OPERATION

Example – IR register contains = 0111001000000000, i.e. CMA after fetch and decode cycle we find out that it is a register reference instruction for complement accumulator.
Hence, AC ← ~AC

Question 61

Input/Output

Answer 61

These instructions are for communication between computer and outside environment. The IR(14 – 12) is 111 (differentiates it from memory reference) and IR(15) is 1 (differentiates it from register reference instructions). The rest 12 bits specify I/O operation.

15 14 12 11 0
1 | 1 1 1 | I/O Operation

Example – IR register contains = 1111100000000000, i.e. INP after fetch and decode cycle we find out that it is an input/output instruction for inputing character. Hence, INPUT character from peripheral device.

Question 62

Essential PC directions are the principal tasks that a PC can perform. These directions are executed by the focal handling unit (central processor) of a PC, and they structure the reason for additional perplexing tasks. A few instances of essential PC directions include:

Answer 62

1.Load: This guidance moves information from the memory to a computer processor register.

2.Store: This guidance moves information from a computer chip register to the memory.

3.Add: This guidance adds two qualities and stores the outcome in a register.

4.Subtract: This guidance deducts two qualities and stores the outcome in a register.

5.Multiply: This guidance duplicates two qualities and stores the outcome in a register.

6.Divide: This guidance isolates two qualities and stores the outcome in a register.

7.Branch: This guidance changes the program counter to a predefined address, which is utilized to execute restrictive and genuine leaps.

8.Jump: This guidance changes the program counter to a predefined address.

9.Compare: This guidance looks at two qualities and sets a banner demonstrating the consequence of the examination.

10.Increment: This guidance adds 1 to a worth in a register or memory area.

Question 63

The set of instructions incorporated in16 bit IR register are:

Answer 63

Arithmetic, logical and shift instructions (and, add, complement, circulate left, right, etc)

To move information to and from memory (store the accumulator, load the accumulator)

Program control instructions with status conditions (branch, skip)

Input output instructions (input character, output character)

Question 64

symbol hexcode
AND 0xxx 8xxx
ADD 1xxx 9xxx
LDA 2xxx Axxx
STA 3xxx Bxxx
BUN 4xxx Cxxx
BSA 5xxx Dxxx
ISZ 6xxx Exxx
CLA 7800
CLE 7400
CMA 7200
CME 7100
CIR 7080
CIL 7040
INC 7020
SPA 7010
SNA 7008
SZA 7004
SZE 7002
HLT 7001
INP F800
OUT F400
SKI F200
SKO F100
ION F080
IOF F040

Answer 64

description
Add mem word to AC
Add mem word to AC
Load mem word to AC
Store AC content in mem
Branch unconditionally
branch/save return adress
increment and skip if 0
clear AC
clear E(overflow bit)
complement AC
Complement E
circulate right AC and E
circulate left AC and E
increment AC
skip next instruct if AC>0
skip next instruct if AC<0
skip next instruct if AC=0
skip next instruct if E=0
Halt computer
input character to AC
output character from AC
skip on input flag
skip on output flag
interrupt On
interrupt Off

Question 65

symbol hexcode
AND 0xxx 8xxx
ADD 1xxx 9xxx
LDA 2xxx Axxx
STA 3xxx Bxxx
BUN 4xxx Cxxx
BSA 5xxx Dxxx
ISZ 6xxx Exxx
CLA 7800
CLE 7400
CMA 7200
CME 7100
CIR 7080
CIL 7040
INC 7020
SPA 7010
SNA 7008
SZA 7004
SZE 7002
HLT 7001
INP F800
OUT F400
SKI F200
SKO F100
ION F080
IOF F040

Answer 65

description
Add mem word to AC
Add mem word to AC
Load mem word to AC
Store AC content in mem
Branch unconditionally
branch/save return adress
increment and skip if 0
clear AC
clear E(overflow bit)
complement AC
Complement E
circulate right AC and E
circulate left AC and E
increment AC
skip next instruct if AC>0
skip next instruct if AC<0
skip next instruct if AC=0
skip next instruct if E=0
Halt computer
input character to AC
output character from AC
skip on input flag
skip on output flag
interrupt On
interrupt Off

Question 66

Uses of Basic Computer Instructions :

Some of the key uses of basic computer instructions include:

Answer 66

Data manipulation: Basic computer instructions are used to manipulate data stored in the computer system, including moving data between memory and the CPU, performing mathematical operations, and performing logical operations.

Control flow: Basic computer instructions are used to control the flow of instructions within the computer system. This includes branching to different parts of the program based on specified conditions and jumping to a specific memory location.

Input/output operations: Basic computer instructions are used to transfer data between the computer system and external devices, such as input devices (e.g. keyboard, mouse) and output devices (e.g. display screen, printer).

Program execution: Basic computer instructions are used to execute computer programs and run software applications. These instructions are used to load programs into memory, move data into and out of the program, and control the execution of the program.

System maintenance: Basic computer instructions are used to perform system maintenance tasks, such as memory allocation and deallocation, interrupt handling, and error detection and correction.

Question 67

Difference between Computer Architecture and Computer Organization:

Computer Architecture

Architecture describes what the computer does.

functional behavior of computing systems

high-level design issues

hardware

series of instrucctions, addressing modes, and registers

for design, architecture is fixed first

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

Comprises logical functions such as instructions set, registers, data types, and addressing modes

The different architectural categories found in our computer systems are as follows:
Von-Neumann Architecture
Harvard Architecture
Instruction Set Architecture
Micro-architecture
System Design

Makes computer hardware visible

Architecture coordinates the hardware and software of the system.

Software developer is aware of it

Examples- Intel and AMD created the x86 processor. Sun Microsystems and others created the SPARC processor. Apple, IBM, and Motorola created the PowerPC.

Answer 67

Difference between Computer Architecture and Computer Organization:

Computer Organization

Organization describes how it does it

Structural relationship

low-level design issues

indicates performance

Implementation of architecture is called organization

organization decided after architecture

also called microarchitecture

consists of physical units like circuit designs, peripherals and adders

CPU organization is classified into three categories based on the number of address fields:
Organization of a single Accumulator.
Organization of general registers
Stack organization

Details how well the computer performs

handles segments of the network in a system

Software programmer doesnt have to be aware of it

Organizational qualities include hardware elements that are invisible to the programmer, such as interfacing of computer and peripherals, memory technologies, and control signals.

Question 68

Uses of Basic Computer Instructions :

Some of the key uses of basic computer instructions include:

Answer 68

Data manipulation: Basic computer instructions are used to manipulate data stored in the computer system, including moving data between memory and the CPU, performing mathematical operations, and performing logical operations.

Control flow: Basic computer instructions are used to control the flow of instructions within the computer system. This includes branching to different parts of the program based on specified conditions and jumping to a specific memory location.

Input/output operations: Basic computer instructions are used to transfer data between the computer system and external devices, such as input devices (e.g. keyboard, mouse) and output devices (e.g. display screen, printer).

Program execution: Basic computer instructions are used to execute computer programs and run software applications. These instructions are used to load programs into memory, move data into and out of the program, and control the execution of the program.

System maintenance: Basic computer instructions are used to perform system maintenance tasks, such as memory allocation and deallocation, interrupt handling, and error detection and correction.

Question 69

Issues of Basic Computer Instructions :

Answer 69

Complexity: Basic computer instructions can be complex and difficult to understand, particularly for novice programmers. This can make it challenging to write efficient and effective code.

Limited functionality: While basic computer instructions are versatile and can perform a wide range of tasks, they are still limited in their functionality. This can make it challenging to perform more complex operations and can require programmers to write additional code to accomplish their goals.

Compatibility: Basic computer instructions can be specific to a particular computer system or architecture, which can make it challenging to write code that is compatible with different systems. This can require programmers to write separate code for each system, which can be time-consuming and inefficient.

Security: Basic computer instructions can be vulnerable to security threats, such as buffer overflows and code injection attacks. This can make it challenging to write secure code and can require additional measures to be taken to protect the system.

Maintenance: Basic computer instructions can be difficult to maintain, particularly as systems become more complex and code becomes more extensive. This can require significant resources to maintain and update the code, which can be challenging for organizations with limited resources.

Question 70

Issues of Basic Computer Instructions :

Answer 70

Complexity: Basic computer instructions can be complex and difficult to understand, particularly for novice programmers. This can make it challenging to write efficient and effective code.

Limited functionality: While basic computer instructions are versatile and can perform a wide range of tasks, they are still limited in their functionality. This can make it challenging to perform more complex operations and can require programmers to write additional code to accomplish their goals.

Compatibility: Basic computer instructions can be specific to a particular computer system or architecture, which can make it challenging to write code that is compatible with different systems. This can require programmers to write separate code for each system, which can be time-consuming and inefficient.

Security: Basic computer instructions can be vulnerable to security threats, such as buffer overflows and code injection attacks. This can make it challenging to write secure code and can require additional measures to be taken to protect the system.

Maintenance: Basic computer instructions can be difficult to maintain, particularly as systems become more complex and code becomes more extensive. This can require significant resources to maintain and update the code, which can be challenging for organizations with limited resources.

Question 70

Difference between Computer Architecture and Computer Organization:

Computer Architecture

Architecture describes what the computer does.

functional behavior of computing systems

high-level design issues

hardware

series of instrucctions, addressing modes, and registers

for design, architecture is fixed first

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

Comprises logical functions such as instructions set, registers, data types, and addressing modes

The different architectural categories found in our computer systems are as follows:
Von-Neumann Architecture
Harvard Architecture
Instruction Set Architecture
Micro-architecture
System Design

Makes computer hardware visible

Architecture coordinates the hardware and software of the system.

Software developer is aware of it

Examples- Intel and AMD created the x86 processor. Sun Microsystems and others created the SPARC processor. Apple, IBM, and Motorola created the PowerPC.

Answer 70

Difference between Computer Architecture and Computer Organization:

Computer Organization

Organization describes how it does it

Structural relationship

low-level design issues

indicates performance

Implementation of architecture is called organization

organization decided after architecture

also called microarchitecture

consists of physical units like circuit designs, peripherals and adders

CPU organization is classified into three categories based on the number of address fields:
Organization of a single Accumulator.
Organization of general registers
Stack organization

Details how well the computer performs

handles segments of the network in a system

Software programmer doesnt have to be aware of it

Organizational qualities include hardware elements that are invisible to the programmer, such as interfacing of computer and peripherals, memory technologies, and control signals.

Question 71

Uses of Basic Computer Instructions :

Some of the key uses of basic computer instructions include:

Answer 71

Data manipulation: Basic computer instructions are used to manipulate data stored in the computer system, including moving data between memory and the CPU, performing mathematical operations, and performing logical operations.

Control flow: Basic computer instructions are used to control the flow of instructions within the computer system. This includes branching to different parts of the program based on specified conditions and jumping to a specific memory location.

Input/output operations: Basic computer instructions are used to transfer data between the computer system and external devices, such as input devices (e.g. keyboard, mouse) and output devices (e.g. display screen, printer).

Program execution: Basic computer instructions are used to execute computer programs and run software applications. These instructions are used to load programs into memory, move data into and out of the program, and control the execution of the program.

System maintenance: Basic computer instructions are used to perform system maintenance tasks, such as memory allocation and deallocation, interrupt handling, and error detection and correction.