Comp. Models of the Mind II a

Question 1

Computational Models of Mind - Motivations for Neuroscience:

Answer 1

Provide a framework for interpreting imaging data.

Question 2

Computational Models of Mind - Motivations for Psychology:

Answer 2

Account for experimental data.

Question 3

Computational Models of Mind - Motivations for Philosophy:

Answer 3

Provide a unified understanding of the mind.

Question 4

Computational Models of Mind - Motivations for Human Computer Interaction:

Answer 4

Evaluate artefacts and help in their design.

Question 5

Computational Models of Mind - Motivations for Applications:

Answer 5

e.g.:
- Cognitive models for supervised, mixed-initiative, autonomous control task
- Assistive and intelligent tutoring system
etc.

Question 6

Modelling is used for systems/phenomena that are …

Answer 6

… too complex …
… too difficult …
… impossible …
… to deal with directly.

Question 7

What’s a model?

Answer 7

A simpler and more abstract version of the system.

Question 8

4 important properties of models:

Answer 8

• essential features preserved
• omission of details considered unnecessary
• results of good models can be applied to original system
• examination of model increases understanding of original system

Question 9

Who is responsible for “neats” vs. “scruffies”?

Answer 9

R. Abelson (1981): “constraint, construal and cognitive science”

Question 10

What is the substrate of cognitive models?

Answer 10

Prescriptions in formal mathematical/computer languages (in contrast to verbal description)

Question 11

Cognitive models are derived from?

Answer 11

Basic principles of Cognition

Question 12

Generic statistics and cognitive models?

Answer 12

statistical tools are used to analyze cognitive models

Question 13

Neural models and cognitive models?

Answer 13

Cognitive models bridge between behavior and neural underpinnings

Question 14

Examples for categorization of perceptual objects:

Answer 14

in x-ray image: cancerous, benign or no tumor
wild mushrooms: poisonous, edible, harmless + inedible
paintings: renaissance, romantic, modern, or “other period”

Question 15

2 models for categorization of perceptual objects:

Answer 15

• Prototype Model

- Exemplar Model

Question 16

2 models for categorization of perceptual objects - the prototype model:

Answer 16

• estimation of central tendency from all examples experienced from each category during training
• new target stimulus compared to each target prototype

Question 17

2 models for categorization of perceptual objects - the exemplar model:

Answer 17

• memorization of all experienced training stimuli

- new target stimulus compared to each stored example

Question 18

2 purposes of AI according to Herbert Simon:

Answer 18

• power of computers to augment human thinking
• use of AI to understand how human think
  (testing programs not by what they can accomplish, but by how they do it -> cognitive science)

Question 19

A synonym for “synthetic psychology” and a name:

Answer 19

cognitive modeling
(cf. Computational Psychology, Sun 2008)

Question 20

5 key elements of Computational Cognitive Modeling:

Answer 20

• Models implemented as computer programs
• Combination of deductive and experimental methods
• Clarity and Completeness
• Reproduction of investigated Phenomenon
• Description and prediction of performance

Question 21

Reproduction of investigated phenomenon is important for …

Answer 21

… Exhaustive evaluation!

Behavior of models can be observed and meassured

Question 22

Main point of “Neats” vs. “Scruffies”?

Answer 22

Difficult reconciliation of:

• remaining open to messy reality of human experience
• ordering and formalization of this messy reality

Question 23

Caccioppo’s and Berntson’s example of the identification problem features …

Answer 23

… twins in a magic show!

Question 24

4 steps of cognitive modeling:

Answer 24

• make a computational model of a cognitive process
• present given inputs
• let it perform internal operations to create behavior
• asses (matching model’s and real minds’ behavior: insights by success + failure!)

Question 25

Two difficulties described by the “identification problem”:

Answer 25

• Hidden mechanisms cannot be determined exactly

- different mechanisms -> identical behavior

Question 26

Who (and when) is behind the “law of uphill analysis and downhill invention”?

Answer 26

Braitenberg (1984)

Question 27

Explain uphill analysis and downhill invention:

Answer 27

Induction is more laborious than

Deduction

Question 28

What fallacy/tendency is depicted in the magic show twins example?
(happens also in the 2-4-6 problem)

Answer 28

The tendency to overestimate complexity of mechanisms.

Question 29

Name the first 5 Braitenberg Vehicles:

Answer 29

1. Alive (1 motor, 1 sensor)
2. Fear and Aggression (2 motors, 2 sensors), Dislike of Source:
   
   • Coward and
   • Aggressive (exitatory)
3. Liking:
   
   • Love and Exploration (inhibitory)
   • Values (multisensorial)

Question 30

How are “decisions and spontaneous actions (will)” implemented in the Braitenberg Vehicles?

Answer 30

By bizarre kinds of dependence of speed and stimulus intensity.