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Track 4 > Community - Super Fun Vocab > Flashcards

Community - Super Fun Vocab Flashcards

0
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases or events in a population at risk during a specified time

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1
Q

Risk

A

The probability that an event will occur

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2
Q

Prevalence

A
  • Total number of cases of the disease in the population at a given time, or the total number of cases in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population
  • Prevalence = a / (a + b)
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3
Q

Epidemic

A
  • Spreading rapidly and extensive by infection and affecting many individuals in an area of a population at the same time: an epidemic outbreak of influenza
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4
Q

Morbidity

A
  • A diseased condition or state

- The incidence or prevalence of a disease or of all diseases in a population

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5
Q

Mortality

A
  • The state or condition of being subject to death
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6
Q

Rate

A
  • The frequency of a health event in different populations at certain periods of time
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7
Q

Proportion

A
  • Ratio in which the denominator includes the numerator
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8
Q

3 components of epidemiologic triangle

A

o Host
o Agent
o Environment

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9
Q

Epidemiology

A
  • The study of the distribution and factors that determine health-related states or events in a population, and the use of this information to control health problems
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10
Q

Lillian Wald

A

 Began visiting the poor on New York’s lower East side (1893)
 Established the Henry Street settlement house & later the Visiting Nurse Association of New York City
 By 1905 public health nurses were providing almost 48,000 visits to more than 5000 patients
 Wald is considered a leader in the development of public health nursing
 Metropolitan Life Insurance began using nursing services in early 1900 with demonstrated declines in mortality rate
 Ended in 1921 after concerns by American Medical Association

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11
Q

3 core functions of public health

A
  1. Assessment – comprehensive
    o Systematic data collection on the population
    o Monitors population’s health status
    o Makes information available about the health of a community
    o IPLANs – IL plan for local assessment of need
  2. Policy and development
    o Efforts to develop policies that support the health of the population
    o Uses scientific knowledge and data from needs assessment
    o Example: No smoking in restaurants
  3. Assurance
    o Making sure that essential community health services (programs) are available
    o WIC – food nutrition and assistance, FCM (family case management – pregnant and uninsured), Immunization clinics, etc.
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12
Q

Differentiate between community-oriented and community-based nursing

A

Community-oriented

  • Primary focus is health care of either the community or a population of individuals, families and groups
  • More broad
  • Goal: preserve, protect, promote or maintain health
  • Aim is to promote the quality of life
  • Further divided into Public Health Nursing and Community Health Nursing

Community-based

  • CB nursing focuses on illness care
  • Because of growing costs of hospital care, more services are being provided in community-based settings
  • Aim is to manage acute and chronic conditions in the community
  • Examples: home health, hospice, assisted living
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13
Q

Mary Breckenridge

A

 Established Frontier Nursing Service in 1925

 PHN care provided on horse back in Appalachian sections of southeastern Kentucky

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14
Q

Elizabethan Poor Law

A

1601: guaranteed care for the poor and vulnerable

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15
Q

The Shattuck Report

A

Landmark report issued in 1850 by the Massachusetts Sanitary Commission recommended
◦ Establishment of state health depts. and local boards of health
◦ Sanitary surveys, collection of vital statistics
◦ Environmental sanitation
◦ Food, drug and communicable disease control
◦ Well-child care and health education
◦ Smoke & alcohol control
◦ Town planning
◦ Teaching preventive medicine in medical schools

16
Q

Florence Nightengale

A

 Had vision to train nurses
 1850 – studied nursing in Germany
 Began with district (home) nursing
 Became involved with hospital nursing during the Crimean War (1854)
◦ With trained nurses, she documented decreased mortality rates
◦ Set the framework for evidenced-based nursing
◦ Believed nursing should promote health, prevent illness, emphasized proper nutrition, rest, sanitation and hygiene

17
Q

Private insurance - different types

A
  • HMOs
    o Low cost, all care coordinated by a PCP, care may be less fragmented, low co-pay if any, cost effective if you have a lot of medical bills and have a PCP in a large system with good access to specialists
    o Low choice, specialty referrals must be coordinated by PCP, no ability to go out of network
  • PPOs
    o No PCP, clients have more choices, may go out of network with penalty fee
    o More expensive, less care coordination, expenses can be substantially higher if out of network
  • Catastrophic insurance
    o Fee for service policy
    o Low monthly premiums, high deductibles
    o Client assumes more responsibility for his/her own health care costs
18
Q

10 essential public health services

A
  • ASSESSMENT
  • Monitor health
  • Diagnose & investigate
  • POLICY DEVELOPMENT
  • Inform, educate, empower
  • Mobilize community partnerships
  • Develop policies
  • ASSURANCE
  • Enforce laws
  • Link to/provide care
  • Assure competent workforce
  • Evaluate
  • Research
19
Q

Define the concept of community

A
  • People in relationships with others
  • Can be bounded by geographical setting
  • Common values or interests or purpose
  • Emotional, geographical or functional relationships
  • (Book – 3 dimensions: people, place, function)
20
Q

6 key data collection methods

A
  1. Epidemiologic, quantitative data (CDC, state, insurance company, hospitals…)
  2. Informant interviewing (users & stakeholders) – directed talks with selected members of a community to find out more information about an issue – direct method of collecting data
  3. Participant observation (sitting in the ED) – observations made by experiences in the community
  4. Windshield surveys (see text, page 220) – “community head to toe assessment”
  5. Secondary analyses of existing data (BRFSS – behavioral risk factor surveillance survey) – nurse is using previously gathered data and analyzing it
  6. Surveys – report data from a sample of persons (used less often because more time and effort involved)
21
Q

Identify and describe the 3 levels of preventive interventions, citing examples of each

A

Primary - health promotion and specific protection
- Annual examination – and see above

Secondary – early diagnosis and prompt treatment

  • Pap smears, mammogram
  • Screening for something specific

Tertiary – Rehabilitation

  • Diabetic education referred by PCP
  • Activities to manage disease, because it is already present
22
Q

Learning styles

A

3 domains of learning – each domain has specific behavioral components that form levels (a hierarchy of steps), each level building on the previous
- Cognitive (thinking)
o Includes memory, recognition, understanding and application
o Learners master each level of cognition in order of difficulty and move from simple to complex
o Applying information learned

  • Affective (feeling)
    o Includes changes in attitudes and the development of values
    o Focus is on what the learner thinks, values and feels
  • Psychomotor (acting)
    o Performance of skills
    o Examples: giving an injection, performing a bed bath
23
Q

6 basic principles of effective education

A
  • Message – sending a clear message to the learner
  • Format – selecting the most appropriate learning format
  • Environment – creating the best possible learning environment
  • Experience – organizing positive and meaningful learning experiences
  • Participation – engaging the learner in participatory learning
  • Evaluation – evaluating and giving objective feedback to the learner
24
Q

Define and differentiate between educational goals, objectives and outcomes

A

Goals: what you want to achieve through the educational process
- One or two sentences at most – clear and concise

Objectives: what do you do to achieve that goal (what you’re going to teach & how you’re going to teach it)

  • Generally task-oriented
  • Incorporate different methodology (powerpoints, videos, etc.)

Outcomes: things that you want the learner to be able to verbalize when you’re done – need to be measurable

  • Active verbs: (e.g., identify, explain, discuss, etc.)
  • Upon completion of the program, the participant will ….
25
Q

Risk assessment

A
  • Typically non-invasive
  • Generally a survey or questionnaire
  • Identifies a risk: low, medium, high
26
Q

Medication Management of Hypertension

A

 Diuretics: sometimes called “water pills” because they work in the kidney and flush excess water and sodium from the body.
 Beta-blockers: reduce nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels. This makes the heart beat slower and with less force. Blood pressure drops and the heart works less hard.
 ACE inhibitors : Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent the formation of a hormone called angiotensin II, which normally causes blood vessels to narrow. The ACE inhibitors cause the vessels to relax and blood pressure goes down.
 Angiotensin antagonists : shield blood vessels from angiotensin II. As a result, the vessels become wider and blood pressure goes down.
 Calcium channel blockers (CCBs): keeps calcium from entering the muscle cells of the heart and blood vessels. This causes the blood vessels to relax and pressure goes down.
 Alpha-blockers: reduce nerve impulses to blood vessels, which allows blood to pass more easily, causing the blood pressure to go down.
 Alpha-beta-blockers: work the same way as alpha-blockers but also slow the heartbeat, as beta-blockers do. As a result, less blood is pumped through the vessels and the blood pressure goes down.
 Nervous system inhibitors: relax blood vessels by controlling nerve impulses. This causes the blood vessels to become wider and the blood pressure to go down.
 Vasodilators: directly open blood vessels by relaxing the muscle in the vessel walls, causing the blood pressure to go down.

27
Q

Act FAST Campaign

A

(For strokes)
F = Face = Does one side of the face droop?
A = Arms = Downward drift of one arm when both arms are raised?
S = Speech = Is speech slurred or strange?
T = Time = If you observe any of the above signs, call 911 immediately

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