Community Psychology: Chapter Eighteen Flashcards
Violence and crime
What is the WHO typology classes for violence?
- self-directed: violent acts that an individual may inflict upon himself/herself.
- interpersonal violence: the violence inflicted by another or by a small group.
- collective violence: those acts inflicted by larger groups such as states, organised political groups or militias
Define violence
the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation
Define youth
youth is primarily recognised as a phase from childhood to adulthood.
- Department of welfare: 16-30
- African youth charter: 15-35
- United nations: 15-24
Define youth violence
the intentional use pf physical force or power to threaten or harm others by young people aged 10-24. typically involves young people hurting peers who are unrelated to them and who may or may not know them well.
Youth violence is categorised across what two catagories?
- interpersonal violence
- collective violence
Define interpersonal violence
-child abuse
- intimate partner violence
- abuse of the elderly
- does not specify youth violence
Define collective violence
subdivided into social, political and economic violence.
subcategories suggest motives for violence committed by large groups of individuals or by the state.
political violence and similar and related conflicts, state violence and similar acts carried out by larger groups
economic violence includes attacks by larger groups motivated by economic gain, including attacks carried out to interrupt economic activity
define structural violence
the systematic, institutionalised ways in which groups are prevented from meeting basic living needs, such as work, health services, education, housing, information and transportation
What includes structural violence?
- institutional classism
- elitism
- ethnocentrism
- nationalism
- racism
- sexism
Define cultural violence
the justification of structural violence or the rationalisation of systems that enable poverty and injustice
What does LGBTQIA stand for?
L - lesbian
G - Gay
B - bisexual
T - transgender
Q - queer or questioning
I - intersex
A - asexual or allied
What are some of the ecological risks and protect factors of youth violence at community and societal level?
Risks:
- access to alcohol
- drug abuse
- illicit drug markets
- access to firearms
- poverty and inequality
- limited job and economic opportunities
- normative view of violence and crime in community
protective:
- living in non-deprived and non-violent neighbourhoods
- employment and board economic opportunities
- human rights policy framework
- community connectedness
- school connectedness
What are some of the ecological risks and protect factors of youth violence at a relationship level?
Risks:
- poor parental supervision, harsh and inconsistent discipline, divorce and teen pregnancy
- alcohol abuse during pregnancy
- delinquent peers, gangs, membership
- bullying perpetration and victimisation
- lack of close friends
protective:
- close relationship with parents/caregivers
- positive family role models, father presence
- strong ties to school and/or parents
- positive peer groups, having non-deviant peers
What are some of the ecological risks and protect factors of youth violence at an individual level?
Risks:
- attention deficit, hyperactivity conduct or other behavioural disorders
- male sex, age, genetic factors, low intelligence
- low academic achievement
- unemployment
- parental drug use, illicit drug use, alcohol abuse
- masculine identity challenges
protective:
- above-average intelligence and being enrolled in school
- emotional wellbeing, low levels of impulsiveness
- pro-social attitudes
- a positive view of masculinity
- having purpose in life
What are the key predictors of youth violence?
- male sex
- gender socialisation
- age-related attributes and factors
Theoretical positions related to crime and violence are often divided into two primary groupings
- external (environmental and societal conditions)
- Internal (genetics and personality)
What are the three biological perspectives?
- biochemical theory
asserts that certain biological conditions cause cognitive deficiencies and difficulties which may spawn violent behaviour. (DNA and chemical imbalances) - neurological theory
individuals who engage in criminal acts are neurologically different and thus predisposed to deviant behaviour (damage to frontal lobe) - genetic theory
genetic abnormality is linked to antisocial, aggressive and violent behaviour
What are the three psychological perspectives?
- psychoanalytic theory
violent behaviour is the result of unconscious elements in the mind. (defective family relationships during early childhood may result in inadequate development of ego and superego which makes it difficult for the individual to control later violent or delinquent impulses) - Personality
certain traits increase risk for violent behaviour such as impulsiveness - intelligence
low intelligence and poor academic achievement increase risk
What are the three social process perspectives?
- social learning theory
violent behaviour is learnt through the exposure, imitation and reinforcement of behaviour. - social disorganisation theory
community disorganisation leads to violent behaviour. condition in the environment predispose individuals to violence, including lack of social control. - strain theory
violence and crime emerge from the pressure and frustration caused by the difficulties faced in achieving certain goals by legitimate means owning to social barriers and inadeqaute social structures
What are the two emerging perspectives?
- feminist theory
violence is studied in connection with gender and socially constructed roles. violence against women is regarded as a form of power and control by men and behaviour is shaped by different social experiences and power relations. - integrated theories: biopsychological model
integrated theories are rooted in the idea that no single theory can explain a complex social phenomenon. model considers:
- biological factors
- social factors
- psychological factors
What are the levels of Unrie Bronfenbrenner’s overall ecological model of the environment
- micro-systems
individual’s immediate environment and interpersonal interactions. (parents, family, friends) - Mesosystem
interrelations between various microsystems in which the individual engages (school, home) - exosystem
interrelations among the micro and mesosystems (community, government, work environment or media) - Macrosystem
system that encompasses ideologies and organisation of social institutions related to a specific culture or subculture an individual belongs to (gender roles, social class, economic trends and cultural values)
what do community interventions seek to do?
- increase community involvement
- stimulate the implementation of multiple strategies to reduce violence
- positively influence the individuals social-cognitive processes and experiences
