Community Psychology: Chapter Eighteen

Question 1

What is the WHO typology classes for violence?

Answer 1

1. self-directed: violent acts that an individual may inflict upon himself/herself.
2. interpersonal violence: the violence inflicted by another or by a small group.
3. collective violence: those acts inflicted by larger groups such as states, organised political groups or militias

Question 2

Define violence

Answer 2

the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation

Question 3

Define youth

Answer 3

youth is primarily recognised as a phase from childhood to adulthood.

1. Department of welfare: 16-30
2. African youth charter: 15-35
3. United nations: 15-24

Question 4

Define youth violence

Answer 4

the intentional use pf physical force or power to threaten or harm others by young people aged 10-24. typically involves young people hurting peers who are unrelated to them and who may or may not know them well.

Question 5

Youth violence is categorised across what two catagories?

Answer 5

1. interpersonal violence
2. collective violence

Question 6

Define interpersonal violence

Answer 6

-child abuse
- intimate partner violence
- abuse of the elderly
- does not specify youth violence

Question 7

Define collective violence

Answer 7

subdivided into social, political and economic violence.

subcategories suggest motives for violence committed by large groups of individuals or by the state.

political violence and similar and related conflicts, state violence and similar acts carried out by larger groups

economic violence includes attacks by larger groups motivated by economic gain, including attacks carried out to interrupt economic activity

Question 8

define structural violence

Answer 8

the systematic, institutionalised ways in which groups are prevented from meeting basic living needs, such as work, health services, education, housing, information and transportation

Question 9

What includes structural violence?

Answer 9

• institutional classism
• elitism
• ethnocentrism
• nationalism
• racism
• sexism

Question 10

Define cultural violence

Answer 10

the justification of structural violence or the rationalisation of systems that enable poverty and injustice

Question 11

What does LGBTQIA stand for?

Answer 11

L - lesbian
G - Gay
B - bisexual
T - transgender
Q - queer or questioning
I - intersex
A - asexual or allied

Question 12

What are some of the ecological risks and protect factors of youth violence at community and societal level?

Answer 12

Risks:
- access to alcohol
- drug abuse
- illicit drug markets
- access to firearms
- poverty and inequality
- limited job and economic opportunities
- normative view of violence and crime in community

protective:
- living in non-deprived and non-violent neighbourhoods
- employment and board economic opportunities
- human rights policy framework
- community connectedness
- school connectedness

Question 13

What are some of the ecological risks and protect factors of youth violence at a relationship level?

Answer 13

Risks:
- poor parental supervision, harsh and inconsistent discipline, divorce and teen pregnancy
- alcohol abuse during pregnancy
- delinquent peers, gangs, membership
- bullying perpetration and victimisation
- lack of close friends

protective:
- close relationship with parents/caregivers
- positive family role models, father presence
- strong ties to school and/or parents
- positive peer groups, having non-deviant peers

Question 14

What are some of the ecological risks and protect factors of youth violence at an individual level?

Answer 14

Risks:
- attention deficit, hyperactivity conduct or other behavioural disorders
- male sex, age, genetic factors, low intelligence
- low academic achievement
- unemployment
- parental drug use, illicit drug use, alcohol abuse
- masculine identity challenges

protective:
- above-average intelligence and being enrolled in school
- emotional wellbeing, low levels of impulsiveness
- pro-social attitudes
- a positive view of masculinity
- having purpose in life

Question 15

What are the key predictors of youth violence?

Answer 15

1. male sex
2. gender socialisation
3. age-related attributes and factors

Question 16

Theoretical positions related to crime and violence are often divided into two primary groupings

Answer 16

1. external (environmental and societal conditions)
2. Internal (genetics and personality)

Question 17

What are the three biological perspectives?

Answer 17

1. biochemical theory
   asserts that certain biological conditions cause cognitive deficiencies and difficulties which may spawn violent behaviour. (DNA and chemical imbalances)
2. neurological theory
   individuals who engage in criminal acts are neurologically different and thus predisposed to deviant behaviour (damage to frontal lobe)
3. genetic theory
   genetic abnormality is linked to antisocial, aggressive and violent behaviour

Question 18

What are the three psychological perspectives?

Answer 18

1. psychoanalytic theory
   violent behaviour is the result of unconscious elements in the mind. (defective family relationships during early childhood may result in inadequate development of ego and superego which makes it difficult for the individual to control later violent or delinquent impulses)
2. Personality
   certain traits increase risk for violent behaviour such as impulsiveness
3. intelligence
   low intelligence and poor academic achievement increase risk

Question 19

What are the three social process perspectives?

Answer 19

1. social learning theory
   violent behaviour is learnt through the exposure, imitation and reinforcement of behaviour.
2. social disorganisation theory
   community disorganisation leads to violent behaviour. condition in the environment predispose individuals to violence, including lack of social control.
3. strain theory
   violence and crime emerge from the pressure and frustration caused by the difficulties faced in achieving certain goals by legitimate means owning to social barriers and inadeqaute social structures

Question 20

What are the two emerging perspectives?

Answer 20

1. feminist theory
   violence is studied in connection with gender and socially constructed roles. violence against women is regarded as a form of power and control by men and behaviour is shaped by different social experiences and power relations.
2. integrated theories: biopsychological model
   integrated theories are rooted in the idea that no single theory can explain a complex social phenomenon. model considers:
   - biological factors
   - social factors
   - psychological factors

Question 21

What are the levels of Unrie Bronfenbrenner’s overall ecological model of the environment

Answer 21

1. micro-systems
   individual’s immediate environment and interpersonal interactions. (parents, family, friends)
2. Mesosystem
   interrelations between various microsystems in which the individual engages (school, home)
3. exosystem
   interrelations among the micro and mesosystems (community, government, work environment or media)
4. Macrosystem
   system that encompasses ideologies and organisation of social institutions related to a specific culture or subculture an individual belongs to (gender roles, social class, economic trends and cultural values)

Question 22

what do community interventions seek to do?

Answer 22

• increase community involvement
• stimulate the implementation of multiple strategies to reduce violence
• positively influence the individuals social-cognitive processes and experiences