community/hospital acquired infections

Question 1

common bacterial virulence factors and which one leads to septic shock

Answer 1

flagella, capsules (protect against phagocytosis), biofilms (aggregates of bacteria) exotoxins (neurotoxins act on nerves, enterotoxins act on GI tract, either infectious ie needs living organism, or food poisioning ie only toxin needed), and ENDOTOXINS (found in LPS layer= ONLY in gram- bacteria), which can lead to septic shock

Question 2

define outbreak

Answer 2

greater than normal number of ppl infected (ie can be small, but should be better than normal)- can be identified

Question 3

hemolytic uraemic syndrome- triad of features, main symtpoms what caused by, and pathogen- who most infected

Answer 3

acute renal failure, hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia, leading to bloody diarrhoea- due to ingestion of faeces, caused by SHIGA-toxin producing E COLI- mostly children

Question 4

strains that cause the haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Answer 4

enteroaggregrative E coli has plasmid to produce fimbriae for biofilm formation ie adhere to GI tract, entereohaemmoragic E coli produces shiga toxin- a BACTERIOPHAGE causes them to combine together to produce both, causing haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Question 5

affect of shiga toxin

Answer 5

inhibits protein synthesis

Question 6

which e coli resides in our GI tract normally

Answer 6

entereaggregative E COLI

Question 7

types of respiratory tract infections

Answer 7

influenz TB, and legionnaires diseases (due to legionella pneumophila)

Question 8

how legionella pneumophila works+ gram- or +

Answer 8

gram -: resides in macrophages, and does a TYPE 4 SECRETION SYSTEM ie releases toxins which allow them to replicate in VACUOLES

Question 9

problem with mycobacterium TB+ gram- or +

Answer 9

gram+, has cell wall which is difficult to penetrate by antibiotics

Question 10

types of bacterial SIT’s and commonality, and which causes eye infection

Answer 10

chlamydia trachomatics (causes eye infection, gonorrhoea, and syphiilis- all gram-

Question 11

types of food/wateborne infections

Answer 11

salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, vibrio cholerae

Question 12

emerging/vector borne diseases

Answer 12

plague and Q fever

Question 13

vaccine preventable diseases

Answer 13

diphtheria, invasive pneumococcal/meningococcal disease, tetanus

Question 14

causes of hospital acquired infecitons

Answer 14

interventions like chemotherapy/ catherisation, disemmination (due to poor hygiene) and concentration (ie lots of ppl)

Question 15

main hospital acquired pathogens+ gram -/+ with pneumonic

Answer 15

ESCAPE- enterococcus faecium, staph aureus, c.difficile, acinetobacter, pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterobacteriacaee: first 3 gram+, last 3 -

Question 16

pathogenic E-coli- resistance (type of antibiotoic, what antibiotic does, and mechanism of resistance)

Answer 16

resistant to cephalosporins and carbapenems (beta lactam antibiotics inhibit penicillin binding proteins to inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis) by producing beta lactamase/ carbapenmase enzymes

Question 17

staph aereus- resistance with specific strain+ difference to e-coli

Answer 17

resistant to methicillin (also beta lactam ie inhibits peptidoglycan)- produces more penicillin binding protein RATHER than enzyme

Question 18

enterocoocus faecium resistance

Answer 18

resistant to vancomycin (inhibits peptidoglycan by inhibiting its precursor)- produces different precursor

Question 19

klebsiella pneumoniae resistance

Answer 19

to carbapenam