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Spring 2016 Semester > Community Health - module 1 > Flashcards

Community Health - module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Affordable Care Act purpose (two fold)

A

Enacted by Congress March 23, 2010

1) increase the number of number of Americans covered by health insurance
2) decrease the cost of health care

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2
Q

Community Health Nursing

def.

A

systematic process of delivering nursing care to improve the health of an entire community.

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3
Q

Commuity Based Nursing

definition

A

Nursing care primarily at the individual / family level

generally outside the acute care setting

(in a hospital)

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4
Q

Population focused care

def.

A

refers to interventions aimed @ health promotion / disease prevention that shape a communities overall health

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5
Q

Public Health Nursing

def.

A

protecting the health of populations by

by focusing on the health & prevention of disease / disability of all people w/in a popluation.

focuses on the entire population

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6
Q

-World Health Organization (WHO)

Def. of Health

What happened in 1986

A

1958

For Everyone to obtain a state of complete physical, mental and social well being

not mearly the absence of disease or infirmity.

1986

added Community - extent to which an individual or grp is able to realize aspirations of safety and are able to change & cope w/i the environment.

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7
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

founder of modern nursing, developed the 1st school of nursing at London’s St. Thomas 1860

directive was to manipulate the pts. envorinment to allow nature to take it’s course in the healing process.

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8
Q

Community definition

A

a community is a group of people who share something in common and exhibit a commitment to one another.

A community interacts with one anohter

ex. Retirement community / Corvette club

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9
Q

Population definition

A

group of people who have at least one thing in common

they may or may not Ineract with one another.

ex. Cross country truck drivers / street musicians / soccer players

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10
Q

Acute Care Nursing

A

takes place in a controlled environment (hospital) where the patient is subordinate and treatment / care is scheduled around the hospital timeframe.

the healthcare team is in control of outcomes

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11
Q

What the benefits of Comunity Health nursing for patients

A

Pts have more control over their environment (nurses are dependent upon the patient willingness to share information).

less resources for the nurse / lack of collegues to collaberate w/

Pts. are on their own turf.

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12
Q

Healthy People 2020

A

1980 Federal Government set up national guidelines for National Health / goals to measure progress

Updated every 10 years

movement from illness / cure to that of health prevention & education.

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13
Q

Three P’s of Global Health

A

Pollution

Population

Poverty

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14
Q

Levels of Prevention

A

Primary - Health measure that focus on prevention / education

Secondary - begin when patholgy is involved and is directed at early detection through diagnosises / treatment

Tertiary - focuses on rehabilitation after illness / disability has occured - goal is to restore to optimal level of health

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15
Q

Epidemiology definition

A

is the study of the distrubution and determinents of states of health and illness in human populations

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16
Q

Distribution def.

A

refers to the frequency of occurences r/t to states of health / illness w/i a population

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17
Q

Determinents def.

A

refers to agents or factors that contribulte to the causes of various states of health / illness w/i a population

Things that cause it.

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18
Q

Who was responsible for medial statistics

A

William Farr 1839

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19
Q

List two 19th Century infectious diseases

A

cholera and the “plague”

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20
Q

Who ralated cholera to the water supply

A

John Snow

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21
Q

Who initiated sanitary reforms, recorded illness / deaths (one of the 1st to use statistics)

A

Florence Nightingale

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22
Q

List 3 types of Models for community / population nursing

A

1) Triad
2) Web of Causation
3) Ecological

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23
Q

Triad Model

A

includes / refers to

host

agent

environment

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24
Q

Web of Causation model

A

refers to health status as a multifactorial event, not caused by any single factor

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25
Q

Eccological model

A

refers to causes of illness that stem from the molecular level to that of broader categories

includes: biological, emotional, behavioral, socioeconomic, cultural, political & envionmental.

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26
Q

What are some of the factors r/t Global Health statistics

A

- 99% of global growth will occur in poor countries

- Countries where HIV is prevelent

1) life expectancy is only 30-40 yrs

2) Working age people are few (mostly child & the elderly)

3) Immigration laws have been tighted to protect the economy

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27
Q

The United Nations

  • when were thy founded and who are they
A

Founded in 1945 w/192 member nations

created for world peace & security

Provides help / means to assist in resolving conflict and formulate global policies

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28
Q

UNICEF

  • when were thy founded and who are they
A

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Relief Fund

Founded in 1946 to protect children in worn-torn countries

Expanded in 1950 to address developing nations

today provides economic and humanitarian relief

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29
Q

WHO

  • when were thy founded and who are they
A

World Health Organization

founded in 1948

Partner w/the UN

Directs / coordinates issues dealing w/international health

Mission is to assist all people in attaining the highest possible level of health

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30
Q

World Bank

  • when were thy founded and who are they
A

founded in 1944

stated to aid reconstruction of Europe after World war II

now works to alleviate poverty in developing countries

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31
Q

Carter Center

  • when were thy founded and who are they

What are their 3 main objectives

A

founded in 1982 by Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter

  • promote peace and fight diseases
    1) prevent / resolve conflicts
    2) enhance democracy
    3) improve health
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32
Q

Gates foundation

  • when were thy founded and who are they
A

founded in 2000 by Bill & Melinda Gates

  • finances projects to reduce poverty, improve health & increase access to libraries
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33
Q

What are the top 3 leading infectious Disease’s worldwide

A

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide

top 3 in low/middle income nations include:

  • HIV
  • TB
  • Lower respriatory infections
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34
Q

What are some of the Non-communicable diseases

top 4 Chronic

A
  • Obesity
  • CV disease
  • Cancer
  • Chronic respiratory
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35
Q

What is “Declaration of Alma Ata”

A

Mtg in 1978 to recognize concept of primary care

  • document was created
  • Definition of primary care developed
  • Declared healt to be a fundamental human right
  • Gov’s have a moral responsability to provide health & services to it’s people.
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36
Q

What are two consequences of the current nursing shortage

A

1) developed countries are recruting from less-developed nations
2) Countries with the greatest need are ending up with the greatest shortage.

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37
Q

Political power is defined as

A

defined by Hewison (1994) as the ability to influence or persuade an individual holding a govenmental office to exert the power of that office to effect change.

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38
Q

Coercive power is defined as

A

use of force to gain compliance, often born our of real or preceived fear or theat to self.

ex. police often use this

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39
Q

Reward power is defined as

A

involves giving something of value for compliance

ex. politician helps constituents in exchange for support

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40
Q

Expert poweris defined as

A

results from expert knowledge or skills.

ex. Bill Gates has considerable expert power

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41
Q

Legitimate power is defined as

A

results from a title or postition

ex. judge or police officer

42
Q

Referent power is defined as

A

results from being closly associated with someone of real power.

ex. spouse of a senator

43
Q

Information power is defined as

A

results from the desire for information held by one person from one who does not have access to that information

44
Q

Connection power is defined as

A

results from the belief that a certain person has a special connection to another or an organization that is powerful.

45
Q

The Preamble of the US Constitution states:

A

one of the purposes of the federal government is to

  • promote the general welfare of the people

Article 1 Section 8

46
Q

What are some of the organizaiton the federal government set up to assist it’s population

list 4

A

1) 1852 Hospital for federal employees
2) 1965 Medicare
3) 1965 Medicaid
4) 1976 Marine hospital - assist verterans of war

47
Q

US Public Health Agencies

list the top 7

A
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Food and Drug Administration
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention
  • Health Resources and Services Administration
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Svc Admin
  • Agency for Healthcare Research / Qual
  • US Public Health Services Commissin Corp.
48
Q

National Institutes of Health

A

NIH

worlds primer health research organization - Bethesda MD

49
Q

´Food and Drug Administration

A

FDA

  • responsible for ensuring safety of food and cosmetics
  • safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical / medical products.
50
Q

´Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

A

CDC

founded in 1946 Atlanta GA

provides a system of health surveilance to monitor and prevent outbreak of disease (including bioterrorism)

51
Q

´Health Resources and Services Administration

A

HRSA

provides access to essential healthcare services for people who are low income, are uninsured, or live in rural / urban area’s where healtcare is scarce.

52
Q

´Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

A

SAMHSA

founded in 1992

monitors the prevalence and incidence of substance abuse and ID’s and disseminates info r/t the best practises for prevention / txmt

53
Q

´Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

A

AHRQ

founded in 1989

to generate and distribute evidence-based info that improves healthcare delivery and outcomes.

54
Q

´US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps

A

PHS

director is the Surgeon General

uniformed service of more than 6000 helath professionals who serve in federal capacity

55
Q

Human Services Agencies

list the top 5

A

´Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

´Administration for Children and Family

´Administration on Aging

´Department of Education

´Department of Labor

56
Q

´Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

A

CMS

founded 1977

administers the Medicare & Medicaid programs which provide heatlh care for 1 in 4 americans.

Also administer CHIP (Childrens Health Insurance Program)

57
Q

´Administration for Children and Family

A

founded in 1991

responsible for 60 programs that promote the economic / social wellbeing of Children, families and communitites.

58
Q

´Administration on Aging

A

AoA

provides svc’s to older Americans living at home

e.g. meals, rides, information / assistance, protection rights

Goal is to enable elderly to remain healthy, secure and independent

59
Q

´Department of Education

A

DOE

provides billions of dollar each year to educate the US popluation

60
Q

´Department of Labor

A

DOL

responsible for enforcing the Fair Labor Standards Act (minimum wage & overtime)

Retirement plans

Occupational issues

61
Q

What is negligence

A

failure to act as any prudent or reasonable persoun would

62
Q

What is Malpractise

A

it is more specific - the person must be a professional acting in a prefessional capacity

63
Q

What is a correctional nursing

A

goal is for inmates to remain healthy while incarcerated and to return to the community properly educated about remain free of comminicalbe diseases.

64
Q

What is Forensic Nursing

A

fastest growing specialties that are a link between healthcare and law enforcement

can be found in rape crises centers, emergency departments and nursing homes.

65
Q

Community-based transcultural nursing refers to…

A

the creative use of transcultural nursing concepts, principles, research, knowledge and practices that focus on large overall designated communities or geographic contexts to provide culturally competent nursing care

66
Q

What are (4) of the fundamentals that describe the power of Cultures

A

´Tend to be stable

´Have powerful influences on human care & practices

´Have values and beliefs that vary between and within cultures

´Have rituals, taboos and practices that are important to identify and understand for transcultural nursing

67
Q

What are the four aspects about Community-based transcultural nursing that we all must be aware of?

A

´Nurses must study the total lifeways of people – including spirituality, economics, technologies, kinship ties, environment and specific values and practices

´Nurses must identify modes of communication – including space, land, property, use of home remedies

´Nurses must identify caregivers, healers in a culture

´Nurses must identify subcultures within the dominant culture

68
Q

Culture def

A

learned, shared and transmitted values & beliefs of a particular group

This guides their thinking, decision and actions in patterned ways

69
Q

Cultural values def.

A

powerful directive forces that give order and meaning to people’s thinking, decisions, and actions.

70
Q

Cultural variations def.

A

subtle or obvious variables btwn cultures that make them unique with respect to traditional / nontraditional ways of living

71
Q

Cultural lifeways def.

A

patterned ways of living of a paricular group or individual

72
Q

Cultural impostion def.

A

tendency to impose one’s values / beliefs on another due in largely to ignorance about the culture.

73
Q

Ethnocentrism def.

A

belief that one’s own values or way of living are superior to others

74
Q

Stereotyping def.

A

tendency to pre-judge and fix cultures on a rigid and biased ways due in large to racism and ethnocentrism.

75
Q

Cultural blindness def.

A

inability to recognize one’s own values and lifeways or those of another culture, making culture invisible.

76
Q

Cultural clashes def.

A

major conflict in valuing and understanding differences btwn cultures and vaiability among cultures.

77
Q

Caring def.

A

Actions and activities directed toward assisting, supporting or enabling another individual / group to help improve their condition or even face death.

78
Q

Nursing def.

A

a learned humanistic and scientific profession focused on human caring.

79
Q

Emic View def.

A

insiders or local perspective about cultures, families, lifeways, and heatlh care.

80
Q

Etic view def.

A

outsiders or external perspective about cultures, families, lifeways, and heatlh care.

81
Q

Culturally competent care def.

A

deliberate and creative use of transcultural nursing knowledge and skills to assist individuals or groups to maintain their wellbeing, recover from illness, or even face disablity or death.

82
Q

Cultural ignorance def

A

refers to insufficient knowledge about a specific culture to provide safe and meaningful care.

leads to nontherapeutic outcomes

83
Q

Cultural bias def.

A

refers to a strong position that all decisions must be based upon ones own values / beliefs.

ex. nurse who firmly values “nursing homes’ for all those at the end of life.

84
Q

Cultural pain def.

A

refers to the considerable discomfort, suffering, or unfavorable response experience by an individual or group when insults are made by an outsider.

ex. An asian nurse tells a African american family it is not good to eat chitlins.

85
Q

Cultural barriers def.

A

refer to obstacles that interfer with cultures accessing or achieving their desired goal or opportunities.

ex. Anglo american nurse made an appointment with a muslim family during the noon hour (prayer time)

86
Q

Cultural bound def

A

refers to specific care, health, and illness conditions that are unique to a culture and often exist w/i a specific geographical area.

87
Q

Cultural backlash def.

A

phenomenon that ouccurs when a culture has been “bought” or encouraged to use another’s cultural values, material goods, beliefs or lifeways.

Western medicin often imposes their method of healtcare on other cultures

88
Q

Immigrant def

A

an immigrant is a person who comes to another country willingly (voluntarily)

for many reasons

89
Q

refugees def.

A

individuals who are suddenly forced to come to another country due to civil unrest / war or oppession in their own country.

90
Q

What is the goal of Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care and Universality

A

´to discover ways to provide culturally congruent and responsible transcultural nursing care

91
Q

What are ´3 major modes (Leininger’s Theory) to guide cultural care decisions

A
  1. Culture care preservation or maintenance
  2. Culture care accommodation or negotiation
  3. Culture care structuring or repatterning
92
Q

What are some of the assumptions of Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care and Universality

A

´Care is focus of nursing

´Humanistic and scientific care are essential

´Caring is essential to curing/healing

´Cultural care guides nurses to discover, explain and account for health

´Cultural care expressions are diverse yet with commonalities

´Cultural care values, beliefs and practices are influenced by world views, social/structural factors

93
Q

What is the Sunrise Model – visual guide

A

´Shows areas that need to be examined to provide care of patents of different cultures

´Technology

´Religious/philosophy

´Social/kinship

´Cultural values/lifeways

´Political/legal

´Economic

´Educational

94
Q

Upstream Thinking def.

A

Connection btwn past exposures & the current health problems.

River is an illness, it is the responsibility of the RN to save individuals / groups from that illness.

Typically, pts. do not get help until downstream…it is important for healthcare provides to be proactive & LOOK UPSTREAM

Prevention

95
Q

How did Florence Nightingale use “Upstream thininking”

A

she placed an emphasis on the pts. environment:

pure air

pure water

efficient drainage

cleanliness

light

96
Q

What are Community Health & Occupational Health?

A

nursing specialties tied with the health hazards w/in the physical environment.

97
Q

What are some of the “risk assessments” we can use in Community Health

A

1) Hazard Identification: does the agent cause an adverse effect?

2) Exposure assessments: which exposures are currently experienced / anticipated

3) Dose-response assessments: What is the relationship bwtn dose & incidence?

4) Risk Characteristic’s: What is the estimated incidence of the adverse effect w/in the Population

98
Q

What are some of the “home assessment” Q’s that need to be asked?

A
  • hobbies / crafts - potential for lead exposure?
  • Home heating - exposure to gas or electric hazards?
  • Insecticides in the Home?
  • Cleaning agents?
  • Pets - litterboxes
  • What is your source of water - municiple or well?
99
Q

What does “Social justice” refer to

A

equality in the distribution of benefits vs. the burdens of society.

100
Q

What does “environmental justice” refer to

A

that all persons/ groups of people should be able to live in a healthy environment.

101
Q

What can nurses doe about social / environmental justice

A

They can:

Provide education

Reduce exposure to toxins

Advocate for change

Organize communities at risk.

Spring 2016 Semester (7 decks)

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