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ECO3A: Individs, Popns, Commun > Community Ecology (W12) > Flashcards

Community Ecology (W12) Flashcards

1
Q

Predator-Prey interactions?

A

= reciprocal interactions involving context-dependent expression of functional traits.

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2
Q

Functional traits?

A

= morphological, behavioural or physiological traits of an organism associated with a biotic interaction.

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3
Q

Eg of a Morphological trait?

A

Prey size.

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4
Q

Eg of Behavioural traits?

A

Choice of when to predate.

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5
Q

Eg of Physiological trait?

A

Regulation of body temperature.

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6
Q

Predator-Prey interactions attributes? (5)

A

• Predators reduce population density of prey.

• Predators gain nutrients & energy.

• Predators boost species richness.

• Prey is killed or injured.

• Simple Predator-Prey models reveal a cyclic population.

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7
Q

Egs of Predator-Prey interactions? (2)

A

• Biological control of the Australian pest pear.

• The heterozygous invasion dynamics of Cane Toads in Australia.

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8
Q

Explain Biological control of Australian pest pear? (4)

A

● Australian post pear is the invasive species.

● Biocontrol using a cochineal insect.

● Prey is the invasive species.

● Predator is the biocontrol used.

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9
Q

Explain heterozygous invasion dynamics of Cane Toads? (2)

A

● Urban et al., 2018.

● The Cane road which was brought to Biocontrol insects ended up being an invasive species in Australia due to it being able to adapt to the Abiotic factors.

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10
Q

Eg of how simple predator-prey models reveal a cyclic population? (5)

A

● Looked at the combined effects of temperature & body mass of the predator (mc) & prey (mr) on the attack coefficient.

● Experimented in cold, tepid & warm environments.

● Highest attack coefficient for small predators.

● Abiotic conditions along with biotic traits affect Predator-Prey interactions.

● Kratina et al., 2022.

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11
Q

Attack coefficient?

A

= describes the rate of a successful search through an environmental area.

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12
Q

Prey vulnerability components? (2)

A

• Ve.
• Vc.

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13
Q

Ve?

A

= the probability that an animal is encountered per unit hunt time.

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14
Q

Vc?

A

= the probability that an animal is captured when encountered.

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15
Q

Other factor that affects Predator-Prey interactions?

A

Age of the prey.

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16
Q

Prey vulnerability attribute?

A

The potential pathways by which climatic conditions can affect prey availability for predators (climate affecting the prey body availability?).

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17
Q

Defenses against predation? (6) C²HAM²

A

• Cryptic colouration.
• Commensalism.
• Herbivory (in plants).
• Aposematic colouration.
• Mimicry.
• Mutualism.

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18
Q

Cryptic colouration?

A

= helps prey to blend into their environment.

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19
Q

Eg of Cryptic colouration?

A

Chameleons.

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20
Q

Commensalism?

A

= an interaction in which one individual benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed.

21
Q

Egs of Commensalism? (2)

A

• Birds feeding on the ticks found on bufallos.
• Flowers growing on a tree.

22
Q

Herbivory (in plants)?

A

= consumption of plant material by animals.

23
Q

Types of Defense strategies of plants against Herbivory? (2)

A

• Direct.
• Indirect.

24
Q

Direct defense strategies?

A

= involve mechanical & chemical defenses.

25
Q

Eg of Mechanical defense?

A

Thorns.

26
Q

Eg of Chemical defense?

A

Often times salicylic acid is produced for a plant’s defense.

27
Q

Indirect defense strategies?

A

= recruitment of the natural enemy of your enemy (the enemy of my enemy is my friend).

28
Q

Aposematic colouration?

A

= use of bright colours & contrasting patterns to warn predators that an organim is poisonous.

29
Q

Eg of Aposematic colouration?

A

Bright coloured snakes, frogs & caterpillars.

30
Q

Mimicry?

A

= when a species evolves an appearance to resemble that of another.

31
Q

Lay out 1st potential pathway (red) under Prey vulnerability? (4)

A

Climatic conditions
|
Habitat characteristics
|
Prey vulnerability
|
Prey availability.

  • Climate affects Habitat characteristics, which affect prey vulnerability, which in turn affects prey availability.
32
Q

Lay out 2nd potential pathway (blue) under Prey vulnerability? (5)

A

Climatic conditions
|
Prey body condition
|
Prey abundance & Prey vulnerability
|
Prey availability.

  • Climate affects Prey body condition, which affect prey abundance & prey vulnerability, which in turn affects prey availability.
33
Q

Things to note on pathways? (2)

A

● Climatic conditions affect both Prey body condition & Habitat characteristics, which both affect Prey vulnerability.

● Prey abundance & Prey vulnerability both affect Prey availability.

34
Q

Egs of Mimicry? (2)

A

• Organim resembling harmless species (chameleon resembling leaf).

• Organism resembling harmful species (caterpillar resembling a snake).

35
Q

Mutualism?

A

= when both or all individuals benefit from the relationship.

36
Q

Kinds of Mutualism? (2)

A

• Obligate mutualism.
• Facultative mutualism.

37
Q

Obligate mutualism?

A

= when species cannot survive without the relationship.

38
Q

Facultative mutualism?

A

= when species can survive independently when separated but often not as well.

39
Q

Eg of Mutualism?

A

Ants & Acacia arilova.

40
Q

Explain Ants & Acacia arilova relationship? (2)

A

● Acacia provides shelter & food for the ant colony.

● Ants help defend ant against herbivores.

41
Q

Eg of Obligate mutualism?

A

Flowers & pollinators.

42
Q

Egs of Facultative mutualism? (2)

A

• Mites & Domatia found on plants.
• Rhizobacteria & plants.

43
Q

Explain Mites & domatia found on plants? (2)

A

● Plants provide shelter & food for the mites.

● Mites improve plant health.

44
Q

Explain Rhizobacteria & plants? (2)

A

● Rhizobacteria has plant growth promoting factors through several mechanisms.

● Plants provide shelter & food for bacteria.

45
Q

Mutualism & species distribution attributes? (2)

A

• Mutualisms affects species distributions.

• Mutualisms also shape communities atba global scale.

46
Q

Eg of how Mutualisms affect species distribution?

A

Delaraux et al., 2022.

47
Q

Eg of how Mutualisms shape communities at a global scale?

A

Delaraux et al., 2024.

48
Q

Explain Delaraux et al., 2022? (2)

A

● Shows map of proportion of N-fixing plant species at locations across the globe.

● N-fixation drives N-fixing plant species distribution as most are on mainlands & some are on islands.

49
Q

Explain Delaraux et al., 2024?

A

Mutualisms weaken the latitudinal diversity gradient among oceanic islands.

ECO3A: Individs, Popns, Commun (11 decks)

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