Community Assessment, Community Health Project Planning, Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation Flashcards
- is an exercise by which a collaborative partnership gathers information on the
current strengths, concerns, and conditions of children, families, and the community - the information comes from many sources especially parents and family members- and is elicited by many techniques, including interviews, focus groups, and scanning demographic data collected by local agencies.
- community assessments focus on local assets, resources, and activities as
well as gaps, barriers, or emerging needs.
Community Assessment
(1) Scanning the community to locate existing information
(2) Developing a family focus
(3) Identifying community assets and the degree to which they are accessible to the people who can benefit from them
(4) Analyzing the information obtained through the first three steps.
Process of Conducting a Community Assessment
The planning process also includes deciding
how the project will be m_____, s_____ and e______.
Managed, Evaluated, and Sustained
requires a critical analysis of the problem to be addressed
Planning
is important for developing a
goal and objectives for the project that are realistic and achievable
Planning Analysis
- Planning requires a critical analysis of the problem to be addressed.
- Problem analysis is important for developing a goal and objectives for the project that are realistic and achievable.
- Once the goal and objectives are set, strategies for achieving them can be determined.
- Resources needed in the project, and ways to
obtain them, are then identified. - The planning process also includes deciding how the project will be managed, sustained and evaluated.
Health Project Planning
- Identify the issues or health problems in the community.
- Prioritize the issues or health problems to identify
the one that the project will address. - Identify risk factors and set the goal for the project
- Determine contributing factors and state objectives
for the project - Determine what strategies will be
- Develop the action plan for the project. DO IT!
- Sustain the project or keep the project (or some parts of it) going
- Evaluate the project
Major steps in planning,
sustaining and evaluating a
health promotion project
Identify the issues or health problems in the community
Step 1
● Clarifying need is an essential part of deciding what
issue or problem the project will address.
● The term ‘needs assessment’ is used to describe a process of collecting information that will give a good indication of the priority needs of a
community.
● It provides an opportunity for the community to become involved in the planning from the beginning.
● It helps with allocating resources and making decisions about where to start with health promotion
work.
Needs Assessment
When undertaking a needs assessment, it is important to consider that needs will be
thought of differently, depending on whom you consult.
Classifying needs
Classification of Needs
Normative needs, Felt needs, Expressed needs, Comparative needs
A discrepancy between an individual/s or group/s present
state and a given norm or standard
Normative needs
- Is an individual desire or want that an individual has to improve either his or her
performance. - Asking people what they want is frequently used in
identifying felt needs. One, however, should be cautious in using this type of data since
perceptions of possibilities, social acceptance, and
availabilities as well as personal attributes may
influence what people say they want. - When searching for felt needs, designers must be
aware of needs that are motivated by a desire
other than performance improvement.
Felt needs
- becomes an expressed need
when people put what they want into actions. - For example, if more students sign up for
an online course than the seat limit, then there may be an expressed need for more
sections of the course. - are often identified in suggestion boxes and in-house publications with a question-and-answer or suggestion column.
Expressed needs or Demands
- A discrepancy between what one group has and what another group, with similar characteristics, has.
- is present when two groups with similar characteristics do not receive a similar service.
- College A in a given state, for instance, has a modern computer laboratory, whereas
College B in the same state does not. A comparative need may thus exist. - Sharing the results of the needs assessment with the community is a key part of the planning process.
Comparative needs
This process of Comparative needs will:
- Raise community awareness about the issues and possible underlying causes
- Stimulate discussion about ways to address the issues
- Allows the community to be involved in planning and decision-making about the
project
● Some of the information gathered during the needs assessment may be able to be
used as ‘baseline data’.
● Baseline data describe the situation or condition at the time the project or intervention starts.
● Data collected later during the evaluation is then compared against the baseline
data to see the effect of the project.
Consider baseline data
Prioritize the issues or
health problems
Step 2
- At the end of Step 1, the project team will have a
list of major issues and potential target groups for
the project. - There are always competing needs or issues in
any community. - Limitations such as time and resources mean that
not everything can get addressed. - Issues will need to be prioritized.
- Needs and priorities vary from individual to
individual, family to family, group to group. - It is important to work out criteria to sort out which
issue the project will address
Step 2: Prioritize the issues or
health problems
Identify risk factors and set the goal for the project
Step 3
- are any aspect of behavior, society or the environment that are directly linked to the health problem.
- lead to or directly cause the problem
Risk factors
- Eating high fat food (behavioral) and having a family history of heart disease
(biological) are both risk factors for heart disease, People can change their
food choices (modifiable) but not their genetics (non-modifiable) - Direct exposure to bacteria to bacteria and germs (environmental) may be a risk factor for diarrhea.
- Addressing a problem successfully will require the project to focus on the
underlying causes or issues that led to the problem in the first place. - In other words, the goal and objectives of a project need to relate to the underlying causes or issues.
- Developing a clear and organized goal and objectives that relate to each other requires some critical analysis of the problem.
Example of Risk factors
Determine contributing factors
and state objectives for the project
Step 4
- are any aspects of
behavior, society or the environment that leads to the risk factors developing. - enable or reinforce
the risk factors. - they can relate to individual, financial, political, educational, environmental, or other issues
Contributing factors
- Lack of knowledge about low fat diets (educational) and high cost of low-fat foods in the store (financial) are both
contributing factors to the risk factor ‘eating a high fat diet’ - Poor housing condition (environmental) and lack of home hygiene (behavioral)
are both contributing factors to the risk factor’ exposure to bacteria and germs
Examples of contributing factors
- Make plan clear and focus that energies of the project team
- Let people know what they can expect to happen as a result of the project
- Are the basis for planning the evaluation of the project
The Goal and Objectives
- is about making changes to the
risk factors addressed by project - indicates what the planned,
longer term outcome of the project is - It is also intended to inspire, motivate and focus people and encourage team cooperation.
Goal
- state what changes the project will make to the contributing factors
- indicate what the impact will be on the contributing factors during the time frame of the project.
- are about what has to change in the short term to get closer to achieving the project goal.
Objectives
A well written ‘____ and ________’ state who will achieve how much of what by when. Developing a clear, achievable goal and objectives requires good baseline data
Goal and Objectives
Determine what strategies will be
Step 5
Develop the action plan
Step 6
- After the objectives are developed, the strategies are determined.
- Strategies describe what it is that the project team will do to try and make the changes required to achieve the objectives.
- Relationship between the goal, objectives and strategies
- The process for planning a project begins with the big picture (issue of problem). It is an analysis of the big picture issue that gives the framework for developing the plan- from the longer term goal, to more specific objectives, down to the actual strategies, and finally the detail of individual actions.
Step 5: Determine what strategies will be
- Once the strategies of the project are determined, the
project team can write the action plan. - The action plan includes all the specific activities, large
and small, that will need to be done to implement each of
these activities, when they will be completed and how
they will be evaluated. - The more detail that is worked out for strategies, the easier it will be to accurately identify all the activities to be
done. - If the project is large, with many stages, it may not be possible to detail all the
specific activities at the beginning of the project. - Detailed documentation is also important for maintaining accountability within the
team and between the team and the community or funding agency. - The action plan will also list the resources required to do the project successfully.
- Resources will be required throughout the whole project, from needs assessment
through putting strategies into action to final report writing. - Resources can include human resources, financial resources, materials, equipment and venues, dates.
Step 6: Develop the action plan
is also important for maintaining accountability within the team and between the team and the community or funding agency
Detail documentation
will also list the resources
required to do the project successfully
Action plan
- will be required throughout the whole project, from needs assessment through putting strategies into action to final report writing.
- can include human resources, financial resources, materials, equipment and venues, dates.
Resources
- Planning for sustainability means thinking of ways to keep the project (or important parts of it) going after its official end.
- It then becomes an ongoing part of community activity.
- Many factors can threaten sustainability of the project.
- Project teams need to be on the lookout for these factors and have a plan for dealing with them. Sustainability needs to be considered from the initial planning stages of a project.
Step 7: Sustain the project
needs to be considered
from the initial planning stages of a project.
Sustainability
Evaluating a project is about looking critically at what is happening in the project and making a judgment about its
value, worth or benefit (see the word value in evaluate).
Step 8: Evaluate the project
Evaluate the project
Step 8
Sustain the project
Step 7
● How the project is going?
● What effect it is having?
● What changes we need to make to improve it?
Evaluation is important because it can tell us:
