Community Assessment, Community Health Project Planning, Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation

Question 1

• is an exercise by which a collaborative partnership gathers information on the
  current strengths, concerns, and conditions of children, families, and the community
• the information comes from many sources especially parents and family members- and is elicited by many techniques, including interviews, focus groups, and scanning demographic data collected by local agencies.
• community assessments focus on local assets, resources, and activities as
  well as gaps, barriers, or emerging needs.

Answer 1

Community Assessment

Question 2

(1) Scanning the community to locate existing information

(2) Developing a family focus

(3) Identifying community assets and the degree to which they are accessible to the people who can benefit from them

(4) Analyzing the information obtained through the first three steps.

Answer 2

Process of Conducting a Community Assessment

Question 3

The planning process also includes deciding
how the project will be m_____, s_____ and e______.

Answer 3

Managed, Evaluated, and Sustained

Question 4

requires a critical analysis of the problem to be addressed

Answer 4

Planning

Question 5

is important for developing a
goal and objectives for the project that are realistic and achievable

Answer 5

Planning Analysis

Question 6

• Planning requires a critical analysis of the problem to be addressed.
• Problem analysis is important for developing a goal and objectives for the project that are realistic and achievable.
• Once the goal and objectives are set, strategies for achieving them can be determined.
• Resources needed in the project, and ways to
  obtain them, are then identified.
• The planning process also includes deciding how the project will be managed, sustained and evaluated.

Answer 6

Health Project Planning

Question 7

1. Identify the issues or health problems in the community.
2. Prioritize the issues or health problems to identify
   the one that the project will address.
3. Identify risk factors and set the goal for the project
4. Determine contributing factors and state objectives
   for the project
5. Determine what strategies will be
6. Develop the action plan for the project. DO IT!
7. Sustain the project or keep the project (or some parts of it) going
8. Evaluate the project

Answer 7

Major steps in planning,
sustaining and evaluating a
health promotion project

Question 8

Identify the issues or health problems in the community

Answer 8

Step 1

Question 9

● Clarifying need is an essential part of deciding what
issue or problem the project will address.

● The term ‘needs assessment’ is used to describe a process of collecting information that will give a good indication of the priority needs of a
community.

● It provides an opportunity for the community to become involved in the planning from the beginning.

● It helps with allocating resources and making decisions about where to start with health promotion
work.

Answer 9

Needs Assessment

Question 10

When undertaking a needs assessment, it is important to consider that needs will be
thought of differently, depending on whom you consult.

Answer 10

Classifying needs

Question 11

Classification of Needs

Answer 11

Normative needs, Felt needs, Expressed needs, Comparative needs

Question 12

A discrepancy between an individual/s or group/s present
state and a given norm or standard

Answer 12

Normative needs

Question 13

• Is an individual desire or want that an individual has to improve either his or her
  performance.
• Asking people what they want is frequently used in
  identifying felt needs. One, however, should be cautious in using this type of data since
  perceptions of possibilities, social acceptance, and
  availabilities as well as personal attributes may
  influence what people say they want.
• When searching for felt needs, designers must be
  aware of needs that are motivated by a desire
  other than performance improvement.

Answer 13

Felt needs

Question 14

• becomes an expressed need
  when people put what they want into actions.
• For example, if more students sign up for
  an online course than the seat limit, then there may be an expressed need for more
  sections of the course.
• are often identified in suggestion boxes and in-house publications with a question-and-answer or suggestion column.

Answer 14

Expressed needs or Demands

Question 15

• A discrepancy between what one group has and what another group, with similar characteristics, has.
• is present when two groups with similar characteristics do not receive a similar service.
• College A in a given state, for instance, has a modern computer laboratory, whereas
  College B in the same state does not. A comparative need may thus exist.
• Sharing the results of the needs assessment with the community is a key part of the planning process.

Answer 15

Comparative needs

Question 16

This process of Comparative needs will:

Answer 16

• Raise community awareness about the issues and possible underlying causes
• Stimulate discussion about ways to address the issues
• Allows the community to be involved in planning and decision-making about the
  project

Question 17

● Some of the information gathered during the needs assessment may be able to be
used as ‘baseline data’.

● Baseline data describe the situation or condition at the time the project or intervention starts.

● Data collected later during the evaluation is then compared against the baseline
data to see the effect of the project.

Answer 17

Consider baseline data

Question 18

Prioritize the issues or
health problems

Answer 18

Step 2

Question 19

• At the end of Step 1, the project team will have a
  list of major issues and potential target groups for
  the project.
• There are always competing needs or issues in
  any community.
• Limitations such as time and resources mean that
  not everything can get addressed.
• Issues will need to be prioritized.
• Needs and priorities vary from individual to
  individual, family to family, group to group.
• It is important to work out criteria to sort out which
  issue the project will address

Answer 19

Step 2: Prioritize the issues or
health problems

Question 20

Identify risk factors and set the goal for the project

Answer 20

Step 3

Question 21

• are any aspect of behavior, society or the environment that are directly linked to the health problem.
• lead to or directly cause the problem

Answer 21

Risk factors

Question 22

• Eating high fat food (behavioral) and having a family history of heart disease
  (biological) are both risk factors for heart disease, People can change their
  food choices (modifiable) but not their genetics (non-modifiable)
• Direct exposure to bacteria to bacteria and germs (environmental) may be a risk factor for diarrhea.
• Addressing a problem successfully will require the project to focus on the
  underlying causes or issues that led to the problem in the first place.
• In other words, the goal and objectives of a project need to relate to the underlying causes or issues.
• Developing a clear and organized goal and objectives that relate to each other requires some critical analysis of the problem.

Answer 22

Example of Risk factors

Question 23

Determine contributing factors
and state objectives for the project

Answer 23

Step 4

Question 24

• are any aspects of
  behavior, society or the environment that leads to the risk factors developing.
• enable or reinforce
  the risk factors.
• they can relate to individual, financial, political, educational, environmental, or other issues

Answer 24

Contributing factors

Question 25

• Lack of knowledge about low fat diets (educational) and high cost of low-fat foods in the store (financial) are both
  contributing factors to the risk factor ‘eating a high fat diet’
• Poor housing condition (environmental) and lack of home hygiene (behavioral)
  are both contributing factors to the risk factor’ exposure to bacteria and germs

Answer 25

Examples of contributing factors

Question 26

• Make plan clear and focus that energies of the project team
• Let people know what they can expect to happen as a result of the project
• Are the basis for planning the evaluation of the project

Answer 26

The Goal and Objectives

Question 27

• is about making changes to the
  risk factors addressed by project
• indicates what the planned,
  longer term outcome of the project is
• It is also intended to inspire, motivate and focus people and encourage team cooperation.

Answer 27

Goal

Question 28

• state what changes the project will make to the contributing factors
• indicate what the impact will be on the contributing factors during the time frame of the project.
• are about what has to change in the short term to get closer to achieving the project goal.

Answer 28

Objectives

Question 29

A well written ‘____ and ________’ state who will achieve how much of what by when. Developing a clear, achievable goal and objectives requires good baseline data

Answer 29

Goal and Objectives

Question 30

Determine what strategies will be

Answer 30

Step 5

Question 31

Develop the action plan

Answer 31

Step 6

Question 32

• After the objectives are developed, the strategies are determined.
• Strategies describe what it is that the project team will do to try and make the changes required to achieve the objectives.
• Relationship between the goal, objectives and strategies
• The process for planning a project begins with the big picture (issue of problem). It is an analysis of the big picture issue that gives the framework for developing the plan- from the longer term goal, to more specific objectives, down to the actual strategies, and finally the detail of individual actions.

Answer 32

Step 5: Determine what strategies will be

Question 33

• Once the strategies of the project are determined, the
  project team can write the action plan.
• The action plan includes all the specific activities, large
  and small, that will need to be done to implement each of
  these activities, when they will be completed and how
  they will be evaluated.
• The more detail that is worked out for strategies, the easier it will be to accurately identify all the activities to be
  done.
• If the project is large, with many stages, it may not be possible to detail all the
  specific activities at the beginning of the project.
• Detailed documentation is also important for maintaining accountability within the
  team and between the team and the community or funding agency.
• The action plan will also list the resources required to do the project successfully.
• Resources will be required throughout the whole project, from needs assessment
  through putting strategies into action to final report writing.
• Resources can include human resources, financial resources, materials, equipment and venues, dates.

Answer 33

Step 6: Develop the action plan

Question 34

is also important for maintaining accountability within the team and between the team and the community or funding agency

Answer 34

Detail documentation

Question 35

will also list the resources
required to do the project successfully

Answer 35

Action plan

Question 36

• will be required throughout the whole project, from needs assessment through putting strategies into action to final report writing.
• can include human resources, financial resources, materials, equipment and venues, dates.

Answer 36

Resources

Question 37

• Planning for sustainability means thinking of ways to keep the project (or important parts of it) going after its official end.
• It then becomes an ongoing part of community activity.
• Many factors can threaten sustainability of the project.
• Project teams need to be on the lookout for these factors and have a plan for dealing with them. Sustainability needs to be considered from the initial planning stages of a project.

Answer 37

Step 7: Sustain the project

Question 38

needs to be considered
from the initial planning stages of a project.

Answer 38

Sustainability

Question 39

Evaluating a project is about looking critically at what is happening in the project and making a judgment about its
value, worth or benefit (see the word value in evaluate).

Answer 39

Step 8: Evaluate the project

Question 40

Evaluate the project

Answer 40

Step 8

Question 41

Sustain the project

Answer 41

Step 7

Question 42

● How the project is going?
● What effect it is having?
● What changes we need to make to improve it?

Answer 42

Evaluation is important because it can tell us: