Communicable Diseases I Flashcards
- are often the leading causes of all illness in the country today.
- Most often they afflict the most vulnerable, the
young and the elderly. - They have numerous economic psychological,
disabling and distinguishing effects to the emergence of newly discovered diseases and the re-emergence of old ones. - are readily transferred
from one infected person to a susceptible and uninfected person and maybe caused by
microorganisms.
Communicable Disease
the most common infection-causing microorganisms
Bacteria
consist primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter a living cells in order to reproduce
Virus
includes yeast and Molds
Fungi
Live on other living microorganism
Parasites
● Etiologic agent (microorganism)
● Reservoir (host)
● Portal of exit from reservoir
● Mode of Transmission
● Portal of entry to the susceptible host
● Susceptible host
Chain of Infection
- The extent to which any microorganisms is capable of producing an infectious process depends on the number of microorganism (pathogenicity)
- the ability of the microorganisms to enter the body, the susceptibility of the
host, and the ability of microorganisms to live in the host’s body.
Ethologic agent
- There are many reservoirs, or
source of microorganisms. - Common sources are the other humans, the client’s own
microorganism, plants, animals, or the general environment. - People are the most common source of infection for others and for themselves.
Reservoir
Before an infection can establish itself in a host, the microorganism must leave the reservoir.
portal exit of the reservoir
After the microorganisms leaves its sources reservoir, it requires a means of transmission to reach another person or host through a receptive portal of entry.
mode of transmission
- involves immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person
to person through:
A. Touching,
B. Biting,
C. Kissing,
D. Sexual intercourse.
E. Droplet spread is also a form of direct transmission but can occur only of the source and the host are within 3 feet of each other. Sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing, or talking can project droplet
spray into the conjunctiva or onto the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth of the another person.
direct transmission
is any substance that serves as
an intermediate means to transport and introducing infectious agent into susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry.
- Fomites (inanimate objects or materials) such as handkerchiefs, toys, soiled
clothes, cooking or eating utensils, and surgical instruments or dressing can act as vehicle
Vehicle borne transmission
is an animal or flying or
crawling insects that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agents.
- Transmission may occur by injecting salivary gland fluid during biting or by depositing feces or other materials on
the skin through the bite wound or a traumatized skin area
vector borne transmission
is a barrier to infectious
agents; however, any break in the skin can readily serve as portal of entry
skin
is any person who is
at risk for infection
susceptible host
a person “at increased risk:, an individual who for one or more reasons is more likely than others to acquire an infection
compromised host
- At the beginning of the work shift
- Before and after prolonged contact with the patient
- Before invasive procedure
- Before contact with especially susceptible patients
- Before and after touching wounds
- After contact with the body substances, even when
glove was worn - Anytime you are in doubt the necessity for doing so
- At the end of every shift before leaving the health
care facility
handwashing
- Is the process of introducing vaccine into the body to
produce antibodies that will protect our body against a
specific infectious agent. - Most vaccine are given more than once since the first
dose gives only half protection the body needs. - A second shot or “booster” is needed to give the body
full protection against the disease.
immunization
a. For infants
b. Following exposure
c. For all persons in endemic areas
d. For person subject to unusual risk
e. For known cases
Immunization against communicable
disease
Caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae
diphtheria
Caused by Bordetella pertussis
pertussis
Clostridium tetani
tetanus
caused by Rubella virus
german measles
Caused by Haemophilus
influenza
Hib (H.influenza type B)
polysaccharide vaccine
Meningitis
an early start of hep. B reduces the chance of acquiring hepatic CA.
Hepatitis B vaccine
caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
tubercolosis
treatment for tuberculosis
BCG or bacillus calmette and guerin
Caused by Vibrio cholera
cholera
Caused by shigella dysenteriae
dysentery
Caused by salmonella typhi
typhoid
- Administration of drugs to prevent occurrence of
infection. - e.g. Penicillin for gonorrhea, Chloroquine for
malaria, INH for tuberculosis
Chemoprophylaxis
- Placing mechanical barriers between the sources of
agent and host such as use of mosquito nets, masks
or gloves - Health education of mothers, relative and attendants
in the practice of strict aseptic methods of
umbilical care in the newborn
Mechanical Prophylaxis
- Highly communicable disease characterized by abrupt onset with
fever which last 1 to 6 days, chilly sensation or chills, aches
or pain in the back and limbs with prostrations. - Respiratory symptoms include coryza, sore throat and cough.
influenza
Causative agent:
- Influenza virus A,B, C
Source of infection:
- Discharges from the mouth and nose of
infected person
Mode of transmission:
- By direct contact, through droplet infection, or by
articles freshly soiled with discharge of nose and throat of infected person, airborne
Period of communicability:
- Probably limited to 3 days from clinical onset
influenza
An acute infectious disease of the lungs usually caused by the
pneumococcus resulting in the consolidation of one or more lobes of
either one or both lungs
PNEUMONIAS
CARI of DOH
care of acute respiratory infection
An acute serious illness characterized by sudden onset of acute and profuse colorless diarrhea, vomiting, severe dehydration, muscular cramps, cyanosis and in severe cases collapse
CHOLERA (El Tor)
causative agent of cholera
Vibrio cholera
Appears occasionally in epidemic form in the
Philippines
cholera
- A highly contagious bacterial infection, usually affecting the
lungs but can also affect other organs of the body like brain,
kidney, intestine, and bones, - Considered as the World’s deadliest disease and remains as a major public health problem in the Philippines.
- It often occurs in children of under developed and developing
countries in the form of primary complex especially after a bout of a deliberating childhood disease such as measles. - In the Philippines, TB ranks 6th in the leading cause of morbidity
(2004) and in the Philippines is 243/100000 population (2006)
TUBERCULOSIS
causative agent of tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
○ Cough of 2 weeks more
○ Fever
○ Chest pain or back pains nor referable to any musculo-
skeletal disorders
○ Hemoptysis or recurrent blood-streaked in the sputum
○ Significant weight loss
○ Other sign and symptoms such as sweating, fatigue, body
malaise and shortness of breath
signs and symptoms of tuberculosis
- Is an infectious disease and is a leading cause of permanent physical disability among the communicable disease
- It is chronic mildly communicable disease that mainly affects the skin the
peripheral nerves, the eyes and mucosa of URT
LEPROSY
causative agent of leprosy
Mycobacterium leprae
- Also known as the Bilhariaisis or snail fever has a long
been one of the important tropical disease on our
country. - It is caused by a blood fluke that is transmitted by a
tiny small Oncomelania hupensi quadrasi. - Since it affects mostly farmers and their families in the rural area it results in manpower losses and lessened agricultural productivity.
- There is a high prevalence of Schistosomiasis in Region 5
(Bicol). Region 8 (Samar and Leyte) and region 11 (Davao)
SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Bilhariasis or snail fever)
causative agent of schistosomiasis
○ Shistosoma japonicum
○ Schistosoma mansoni
○ Schistosoma haematobium
is the drug of choice against all
specie
Praziquantel
for S. mansoni
Oxamniquine
Metrifonate is for?
S. haematobium
- It is a chronic parasitic infection, which
greatly reduces human productivity and quality
of life. - It is frequently encountered in communities
where eating of fresh or inadequately cooked
crabs in practice - The manifestation closely resemble PTB that
most often it is misdiagnosed for this disease
in endemic areas.
PARAGONIMIASIS
causative agent of paragonimiasis that is most common important causative agent in Asia.
Paragonimus westermanii (lung fluke)
Fresh water snail
a. Antemelania aspirate
First IH
small, fresh water crab
a. Sundathelpusa philippina
b. Varona litterata
Second IH
○ Cough of long duration
○ Hemoptysis
○ Chest/back pain
○ PTB like symptoms not responding to anti-TB medications
Signs and Symptoms of paragonimiasis
- It is the third most prevalent infection worldwide second only to
the diarrheal disease and tuberculosis. - The prevalence of STH among the 2 to 5 yrs old but lesser they
suffer the greatest impact to the disease when they are infected
SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS
- Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant intestinal roundworm)
- Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
- Hookworm
Ancyclostoma duodenale (Old world hookworm)
Necator americanus ( New world hookworm)
three major causes of intestinal parasitic in the Philippines
- An acute highly communicable infection characterized
by fever, rashes and symptoms referable to upper
respiratory tract; - the eruption is preceded by about 2 days of coryza,
during which stage grayish pecks (“koplik spots”) may
be found on the inner surface of the cheeks. - Death is due to the complication (ex. Secondary to
pneumonia, usually in children under 2 years old) - Measles is severe among malnourished children with
fatality of 95-100%
MEASLES
- An acute infectious disease of sudden onset with slight
fever. - Mild constitutional symptoms and eruption which are macula-
papular for few hours vesicular for 3-4 days and leaves
granular scabs. - Lesions are more on covered than on exposed parts of the
body and many appear on scalp and mucous membrane of URT
CHICKEN POX (Varicella)
Varicella-Zoster virus
causative agent of chicken pox
An acute contagious characterized by swelling of one or both
parotid (salivary glands), usually occurring in epidemic
areas
MUMPS
incubation period if mumps
12-26 days, usually 18 days
incubation period of chicken pox
2-3 weeks
Acute febrile infection of the tonsil,
throat, nose, larynx or a wound marked by a
patch or patches of grayish membrane from
which the diphtheria bacillus is readily
cultured.
DIPTHERIA
Corynebacterium diptheriae (Klebs-Loeffler bacillus)
diphtheria
- Acute infection of respiratory tract.
- It begins as an ordinary cold, which in typical case
increasingly severe, and after the second week is attended by
paroxysm of cough ending in a characteristics whoop as the
breath is drawn in
PERTUSSIS or whooping coughs
Bordetella pertusis (Haemophilus pertusis, Bordet gengou
bacillus)
causative agent of pertussis
- Acute disease induced by toxin of Tetanus bacilli growing
anaerobically in wounds and at the umbilicus among the infants. - Characterized by muscle contraction.
TETANUS NEONATORUM AND TETANUS AMONG
OLDER AGE GROUP
- Clostridium tetani (Tetanus bacilli)
causative agent of tetanus
