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CPHM - MIDTERM > Communicable Diseases I > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases I Flashcards

1
Q
  • are often the leading causes of all illness in the country today.
  • Most often they afflict the most vulnerable, the
    young and the elderly.
  • They have numerous economic psychological,
    disabling and distinguishing effects to the emergence of newly discovered diseases and the re-emergence of old ones.
  • are readily transferred
    from one infected person to a susceptible and uninfected person and maybe caused by
    microorganisms.
A

Communicable Disease

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2
Q

the most common infection-causing microorganisms

A

Bacteria

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3
Q

consist primarily of nucleic acid and therefore must enter a living cells in order to reproduce

A

Virus

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4
Q

includes yeast and Molds

A

Fungi

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5
Q

Live on other living microorganism

A

Parasites

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6
Q

● Etiologic agent (microorganism)
● Reservoir (host)
● Portal of exit from reservoir
● Mode of Transmission
● Portal of entry to the susceptible host
● Susceptible host

A

Chain of Infection

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7
Q
  • The extent to which any microorganisms is capable of producing an infectious process depends on the number of microorganism (pathogenicity)
  • the ability of the microorganisms to enter the body, the susceptibility of the
    host, and the ability of microorganisms to live in the host’s body.
A

Ethologic agent

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8
Q
  • There are many reservoirs, or
    source of microorganisms.
  • Common sources are the other humans, the client’s own
    microorganism, plants, animals, or the general environment.
  • People are the most common source of infection for others and for themselves.
A

Reservoir

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9
Q

Before an infection can establish itself in a host, the microorganism must leave the reservoir.

A

portal exit of the reservoir

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10
Q

After the microorganisms leaves its sources reservoir, it requires a means of transmission to reach another person or host through a receptive portal of entry.

A

mode of transmission

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11
Q
  • involves immediate and direct transfer of microorganisms from person
    to person through:

A. Touching,
B. Biting,
C. Kissing,
D. Sexual intercourse.

E. Droplet spread is also a form of direct transmission but can occur only of the source and the host are within 3 feet of each other. Sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing, or talking can project droplet
spray into the conjunctiva or onto the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth of the another person.

A

direct transmission

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12
Q

is any substance that serves as
an intermediate means to transport and introducing infectious agent into susceptible host through a suitable portal of entry.

  • Fomites (inanimate objects or materials) such as handkerchiefs, toys, soiled
    clothes, cooking or eating utensils, and surgical instruments or dressing can act as vehicle
A

Vehicle borne transmission

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13
Q

is an animal or flying or
crawling insects that serves as an intermediate means of transporting the infectious agents.

  • Transmission may occur by injecting salivary gland fluid during biting or by depositing feces or other materials on
    the skin through the bite wound or a traumatized skin area
A

vector borne transmission

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14
Q

is a barrier to infectious
agents; however, any break in the skin can readily serve as portal of entry

A

skin

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15
Q

is any person who is
at risk for infection

A

susceptible host

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16
Q

a person “at increased risk:, an individual who for one or more reasons is more likely than others to acquire an infection

A

compromised host

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17
Q
  1. At the beginning of the work shift
  2. Before and after prolonged contact with the patient
  3. Before invasive procedure
  4. Before contact with especially susceptible patients
  5. Before and after touching wounds
  6. After contact with the body substances, even when
    glove was worn
  7. Anytime you are in doubt the necessity for doing so
  8. At the end of every shift before leaving the health
    care facility
A

handwashing

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18
Q
  • Is the process of introducing vaccine into the body to
    produce antibodies that will protect our body against a
    specific infectious agent.
  • Most vaccine are given more than once since the first
    dose gives only half protection the body needs.
  • A second shot or “booster” is needed to give the body
    full protection against the disease.
A

immunization

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19
Q

a. For infants
b. Following exposure
c. For all persons in endemic areas
d. For person subject to unusual risk
e. For known cases

A

Immunization against communicable
disease

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20
Q

Caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

diphtheria

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21
Q

Caused by Bordetella pertussis

A

pertussis

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22
Q

Clostridium tetani

A

tetanus

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23
Q

caused by Rubella virus

A

german measles

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24
Q

Caused by Haemophilus
influenza

A

Hib (H.influenza type B)
polysaccharide vaccine

Meningitis

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25
Q

an early start of hep. B reduces the chance of acquiring hepatic CA.

A

Hepatitis B vaccine

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26
Q

caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

tubercolosis

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27
Q

treatment for tuberculosis

A

BCG or bacillus calmette and guerin

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28
Q

Caused by Vibrio cholera

A

cholera

29
Q

Caused by shigella dysenteriae

A

dysentery

30
Q

Caused by salmonella typhi

A

typhoid

31
Q
  • Administration of drugs to prevent occurrence of
    infection.
  • e.g. Penicillin for gonorrhea, Chloroquine for
    malaria, INH for tuberculosis
A

Chemoprophylaxis

32
Q
  • Placing mechanical barriers between the sources of
    agent and host such as use of mosquito nets, masks
    or gloves
  • Health education of mothers, relative and attendants
    in the practice of strict aseptic methods of
    umbilical care in the newborn
A

Mechanical Prophylaxis

33
Q
  • Highly communicable disease characterized by abrupt onset with
    fever which last 1 to 6 days, chilly sensation or chills, aches
    or pain in the back and limbs with prostrations.
  • Respiratory symptoms include coryza, sore throat and cough.
A

influenza

34
Q

Causative agent:
- Influenza virus A,B, C
Source of infection:
- Discharges from the mouth and nose of
infected person

Mode of transmission:
- By direct contact, through droplet infection, or by
articles freshly soiled with discharge of nose and throat of infected person, airborne

Period of communicability:
- Probably limited to 3 days from clinical onset

A

influenza

35
Q

An acute infectious disease of the lungs usually caused by the
pneumococcus resulting in the consolidation of one or more lobes of
either one or both lungs

A

PNEUMONIAS

36
Q

CARI of DOH

A

care of acute respiratory infection

37
Q

An acute serious illness characterized by sudden onset of acute and profuse colorless diarrhea, vomiting, severe dehydration, muscular cramps, cyanosis and in severe cases collapse

A

CHOLERA (El Tor)

38
Q

causative agent of cholera

A

Vibrio cholera

39
Q

Appears occasionally in epidemic form in the
Philippines

A

cholera

40
Q
  • A highly contagious bacterial infection, usually affecting the
    lungs but can also affect other organs of the body like brain,
    kidney, intestine, and bones,
  • Considered as the World’s deadliest disease and remains as a major public health problem in the Philippines.
  • It often occurs in children of under developed and developing
    countries in the form of primary complex especially after a bout of a deliberating childhood disease such as measles.
  • In the Philippines, TB ranks 6th in the leading cause of morbidity
    (2004) and in the Philippines is 243/100000 population (2006)
A

TUBERCULOSIS

41
Q

causative agent of tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

42
Q

○ Cough of 2 weeks more
○ Fever
○ Chest pain or back pains nor referable to any musculo-
skeletal disorders
○ Hemoptysis or recurrent blood-streaked in the sputum
○ Significant weight loss
○ Other sign and symptoms such as sweating, fatigue, body
malaise and shortness of breath

A

signs and symptoms of tuberculosis

43
Q
  • Is an infectious disease and is a leading cause of permanent physical disability among the communicable disease
  • It is chronic mildly communicable disease that mainly affects the skin the
    peripheral nerves, the eyes and mucosa of URT
A

LEPROSY

44
Q

causative agent of leprosy

A

Mycobacterium leprae

45
Q
  • Also known as the Bilhariaisis or snail fever has a long
    been one of the important tropical disease on our
    country.
  • It is caused by a blood fluke that is transmitted by a
    tiny small Oncomelania hupensi quadrasi.
  • Since it affects mostly farmers and their families in the rural area it results in manpower losses and lessened agricultural productivity.
  • There is a high prevalence of Schistosomiasis in Region 5
    (Bicol). Region 8 (Samar and Leyte) and region 11 (Davao)
A

SCHISTOSOMIASIS (Bilhariasis or snail fever)

46
Q

causative agent of schistosomiasis

A

○ Shistosoma japonicum
○ Schistosoma mansoni
○ Schistosoma haematobium

47
Q

is the drug of choice against all
specie

A

Praziquantel

48
Q

for S. mansoni

A

Oxamniquine

49
Q

Metrifonate is for?

A

S. haematobium

50
Q
  • It is a chronic parasitic infection, which
    greatly reduces human productivity and quality
    of life.
  • It is frequently encountered in communities
    where eating of fresh or inadequately cooked
    crabs in practice
  • The manifestation closely resemble PTB that
    most often it is misdiagnosed for this disease
    in endemic areas.
A

PARAGONIMIASIS

51
Q

causative agent of paragonimiasis that is most common important causative agent in Asia.

A

Paragonimus westermanii (lung fluke)

52
Q

Fresh water snail
a. Antemelania aspirate

A

First IH

53
Q

small, fresh water crab
a. Sundathelpusa philippina
b. Varona litterata

A

Second IH

54
Q

○ Cough of long duration
○ Hemoptysis
○ Chest/back pain
○ PTB like symptoms not responding to anti-TB medications

A

Signs and Symptoms of paragonimiasis

55
Q
  • It is the third most prevalent infection worldwide second only to
    the diarrheal disease and tuberculosis.
  • The prevalence of STH among the 2 to 5 yrs old but lesser they
    suffer the greatest impact to the disease when they are infected
A

SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS

56
Q
  1. Ascaris lumbricoides (Giant intestinal roundworm)
  2. Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
  3. Hookworm
    Ancyclostoma duodenale (Old world hookworm)
    Necator americanus ( New world hookworm)
A

three major causes of intestinal parasitic in the Philippines

57
Q
  • An acute highly communicable infection characterized
    by fever, rashes and symptoms referable to upper
    respiratory tract;
  • the eruption is preceded by about 2 days of coryza,
    during which stage grayish pecks (“koplik spots”) may
    be found on the inner surface of the cheeks.
  • Death is due to the complication (ex. Secondary to
    pneumonia, usually in children under 2 years old)
  • Measles is severe among malnourished children with
    fatality of 95-100%
A

MEASLES

58
Q
  • An acute infectious disease of sudden onset with slight
    fever.
  • Mild constitutional symptoms and eruption which are macula-
    papular for few hours vesicular for 3-4 days and leaves
    granular scabs.
  • Lesions are more on covered than on exposed parts of the
    body and many appear on scalp and mucous membrane of URT
A

CHICKEN POX (Varicella)

59
Q

Varicella-Zoster virus

A

causative agent of chicken pox

60
Q

An acute contagious characterized by swelling of one or both
parotid (salivary glands), usually occurring in epidemic
areas

A

MUMPS

61
Q

incubation period if mumps

A

12-26 days, usually 18 days

62
Q

incubation period of chicken pox

A

2-3 weeks

63
Q

Acute febrile infection of the tonsil,
throat, nose, larynx or a wound marked by a
patch or patches of grayish membrane from
which the diphtheria bacillus is readily
cultured.

A

DIPTHERIA

64
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae (Klebs-Loeffler bacillus)

A

diphtheria

65
Q
  • Acute infection of respiratory tract.
  • It begins as an ordinary cold, which in typical case
    increasingly severe, and after the second week is attended by
    paroxysm of cough ending in a characteristics whoop as the
    breath is drawn in
A

PERTUSSIS or whooping coughs

66
Q

Bordetella pertusis (Haemophilus pertusis, Bordet gengou
bacillus)

A

causative agent of pertussis

67
Q
  • Acute disease induced by toxin of Tetanus bacilli growing
    anaerobically in wounds and at the umbilicus among the infants.
  • Characterized by muscle contraction.
A

TETANUS NEONATORUM AND TETANUS AMONG
OLDER AGE GROUP

68
Q
  • Clostridium tetani (Tetanus bacilli)
A

causative agent of tetanus

CPHM - MIDTERM (5 decks)

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