communications exam one Flashcards
what is the number one top rated skill by employers
oral and written communication
what percentage of communication graduates land first destination?
92%
what is the percent breakdown of the 92% first destination?
75% employed, 25% grad school
what is the communication major hours requirement?
37 hours
why do social scientists perform research
to:
- explain
- predict
- make a difference
what is the research format?
- abstract
- introduction
- method
- results
- discussion
what is abstract?
a small paragraph and a title
what is introduction?
what has been done before and contribution
what is method?
what did they do?
what is results?
what did they find?
what is discussion?
what does it mean?
what is a variable?
a concept that can have two or more values
EXAMPLES: nomical value, ratio level data, interval measure ranking, etc
what is conceptual definition?
a statement that describes a concept in terms of theoretical concepts
EXAMPLE : how can we define age?
what is operational definition?
statement that describes a concept in terms of its observable behaviors/characteristics
EXAMPLE: how we measure…
what is experimental research?
it is research characterized as a controlled test of a cause-and-effect relationships of variables
what is an independent variable?
- the cause of the experiment
- the model being manipulated
- the predictor variable
what is a dependent variable?
- the outcome of the experiment
- the effect
what is a confounding variable?
variables not assessed that can obscure the relationship between two measured variables
only confound if you dont measure it
what is a hypothesis?
- educated guess
- builds up on research
using a reusable bottle will help the environment
what is the one shot case study?
includes
- one group
- message
- observation
- X 0
WORST ONE
what is the pretest-posttest design?
- two groups
- pretest and postest both groups
- experiment in one
- randomization
what is the posttest only group design?
- two groups
- randomization
- posttest in both
- experiment in one
prof quick favorite
what is the solomon four design?
- four groups
- randomization in all
- pretests in two group
- postest in all groups
- experiment in one pretest/post and in post only
BEST ONE (can be limited)
definition of description research?
research occuring in a naturalistic setting
what is an in depth interview?
- interviews used to understand the experience and perspective through stories and accounts
- used to validate and interpretate
what is a focus group?
- 6-12 people
- 90 minutes long
- exploits group effect
- good to understand emotional response, message, comprehension, etc
what is an observation?
- complete participant
- complete observer
- involved/not involved in the scene (P/O)
what is member checking?
refers to intervviews that verify, validate, or comment on information from other sources
what is data saturation?
the point in data collection when no new information is obtained
what are the significant points of study?
- hypothesis/research question is clearly presented
- feasability (does it seem logical)
- theoretical or practical contribution
what is validity?
reflects the degree to which a study reflects real meaning of a phenomenon
what is external validity?
refers to the degree to which study findings can be generalized to other samples and contexts
what is internal validity?
refers with whether outcomes are a result of an experimental treatment.
what should you research for a job intertview?
yourself, network, job, company, mission, current projects
why do research for an interview?
be prepared with questions,
tailored resume
intelligent discussion
some general impressions with job interviews?
- social media
- communication (online/oral)
- grooming/attire
- puncuality
- rapport
what are some examples of nonverbal communication?
- handshake
- body language
- eye contact
- smile
- attire
- speaking rate
what are some tips that makes a successful applicant?
- listen
- think before you speak
- address the questions
- be enthusiastic
- prepare questions
what are some tips for answering questions?
- prepare more questions than needed
- organize them by importance
- ask open ended questions
what are some dont questions in interviews?
dont ask “have to”, “me”, “little bit” or “uninformed” questions
`
what are the two senses of an agrument?
- reason giving
or - overt disagreement
what is the purpose of studying argument?
to better understand what other people mean with their words
what is a argument anatomy
- claim
- grounds
- qualifier
- warrant
- backing
- rebuttal
what is a claim?
the point of an argument
what is grounds?
the evidence of an argument, used to support claim
what is qualifier?
the confidence level of the argument
what is a warrant?
the statement that justifies the grounds
what is a backing?
a statement that supports the grounds or warrant
what is a rebuttal?
a statement that identifies possible exceptions to the warrant
what are the standards for a good argument?
acceptability
relevance
sufficency
what is a fallacy?
common weaknesses in arguments
what is the fallacy of relevance?
grounds dont connect to the claim
what is the fallacy of ambiguity?
manipulates information to be misleading
straw man
what is the fallacy of presumption?
false assumptions that are at the heart of the argument
generalization
what is perloffs definition of persuasion?
a symbolic process in where communicators try to convince people to change their behaviors or attitude regarding an issue, through free choice
CHANGING ATTITUDE INTENTIONALLY
what is coercion?
using force, intending to make people do what the coercer wants
what is manipulation?
a deceptive influential attempt that will benefit the manipulator
what are some persuasive effects?
reinforcing (postive)
shaping (nuetral)
changing (negative)
what book did aristotle write, and what are the main topics in it?
The Rhetoric:
- ethos
- pathos
- logos
what does ethos, pathos and logos represent?
ethos - appeal to logic
pathos - appeal to credibility
logos - emotional appeal
what is credibility?
the quality of being believable
what are the four dimensions of credibility?
- competence
- trustworthiness
- goodwill
- social attraction
what are the two competence ideas?
product competence and process competence
what is product competence?
understanding your field and being an expert
what is process competence
being able to explain what your field is to other people
what should you do with credibility?
always guard your credibility
what is the elaboration likelihood model?
a dual process model including
- central route
- peripheral route
what is the concept of central route?
deep thoughts, takes time, effort
what is the concept of peripheral route?
unthoughtful, no thinking needed, low effort
what are the two main things needed for central processing (central route)?
you need to be motivated and competent
must be concious
what are concepts for peripheral processing? (peripheral route)
unconcious or consious
unstable attitude change
consistency
authority
scarcity
social proof
can impact what we choose
what are two factors that influence message
involvement and ability
what is the balance theory?
a triad (triangle) of relatinoships including a person, another person, and an issue (P, O, X)
triangle
what are the relationship charges for the balance theory?
- positive charge
- negative charge
how do you determine wheteher a relationship is balanced?
you have to multiply the three relationships (PO, PX, OX)
EX: clinton, self, affair scandal
what happens when attitudes are unbalanced?
resolve conflict with :
denial
bolstering
differentiation
transcendence
what is denial?
deny relationships
what is bolstering?
the person did good things
what is differentiation?
differentiate the person from their persona
what is transcendence?
the person had to deal with vicious attack for what they did
what is the diffusion theory?
explains how innovations are introduced and adopted by various communities
What is the innovation-decision process?
knowledge
persuasion
decision
implementation
confirmation
MUST BE IN ORDER
what are innovation atributes of diffusion theory?
relative advantage
compatability
complexibility
trialability
observability
