Communication - Younger Patients Flashcards

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1
Q

Piaget proposed 4 different stages of cognitive development. What are they?

A

1) Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
2) Preoperational (2-7 years)
3) Concrete operational (7-11 years)
4) Formal operational (12 years and up)

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2
Q

What is Sensorimotor (0-2 years)?

A

Characteristics
Experience of the world through movements and sensations

Developmental changes
- objective permeance
- infants are separate beings from the world around them
- They realize actions can cause things to happen around them, causality
-Learning occurs through assimilation and accommodation

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3
Q

What is Preoperational (2-7 years)?

A

Characteristics
Symbolic thinking (words/objects)
Egocentrism

Developmental changes
- Thinking still very concrete although it improves with language
- Children struggle to see things from others’ perspective

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4
Q

What is Concrete operational (7-11 years)?

A

Characteristics
Logical thinking about concrete events

Developmental changes
-Concept of conservation
- Thinking becomes logical and organised, concrete inductive reasoning (specific information to general principle)

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5
Q

What is Formal operational (12 years and up)?

A

Characteristics
Abstract thinking and reasoning concerning hypothetical problems

Developmental changes
- Abstract thought
-Teens begin to think more about moral, philosophical, ethical, social and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning.
- Begin to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information.

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6
Q

What is the attachment theory?

A

Attachment theory (John Bowlby,1969) describes the dynamics of long-term
relationships between humans. Its most important principle is that an infant
needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and
emotional development to occur normally.

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7
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A

Separation anxiety: this occurs at around 7-12 months where the child
starts feeling distressed when the mother is absent.
* Before the 1960s, if children were hospitalized, mothers were asked to
leave their children in the hospital and not visit because children would
be distressed every time their mothers left.
* As a result of various studies during that period, policies were reversed:
mothers are now encouraged to stay, if possible for the duration of the
child’s admission to hospital

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8
Q

How do you reduce pain in children?

A

Positive Reinforcement - Providing information before, during and
following the procedure. Preparation can decrease anxiety associated
with fear of the unknown and unexpected.
* Explain procedures using age-appropriate props - Pictures, diagrams
and child friendly models using age appropriate language. Watch a DVD
of procedure (in adolescents) and play through a procedure with dolls or
a demonstration on a doll for younger children.
* Distraction – Involve parents / carers to help focus child’s attention on
something other than the painful procedure.
* Useful interventions during painful procedures - music, controlled
breathing and imagery.

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