communication and language dev.

Question 1

language comprehension and production

Answer 1

comprehension: understanding what is said
production: spelling

infants exposed before birth
study babies in womb
mother read 3 stories *2 a day for 6w -> after birth, showed a preference for previously exposed stories (increased sucking frequency)

Question 2

phonemes

Answer 2

basic unit of sound used to produce language. smallest unit of sound that affect meaning

1 and 4 months : demonstrate categorical perception of phoneneme
1-2 : respond to phonemes of all languages
6m: greater sensitivity to phoneme from own language
12m: less ability to distinguish phonemes from non-native language

ability to distinguish speech sounds-> later language dev.
7m: distingıish between language
2 y: distinguish between vocab

Question 3

word segmentation

Answer 3

7m: preference for words previously heard in sentence string to novel word

Question 4

universality of babbling

Answer 4

infant from diff culture babble same of the same consonant-vowel combination
specific language by 8-10 m

deaf infants babble verbally
-> babble non sense sign language

babbling predicts later language dev.
when babbling not present by 10 m -> late dev. delay

Question 5

joint attention

Answer 5

-> making sense of what is being communicated
increased ability to follow attention3-18m
direct attention (checking back, pointing )

Question 6

intersubjectivity

Answer 6

mutual understanding that people share during communication

Question 7

turn taking

Answer 7

turn-taking in language from early age, influence infant vocalisation

Question 8

adult responsiveness

Answer 8

maternal responsiveness predicted child vocab at 20 m

Question 9

morphenes

Answer 9

semantic dev. learning about meaning 
infants recognize>begin to comprehend words> produce 
6m: recognize body part and food words
10 m: understand 150 words
12-18 m: first spoken word 

first word: labelling objects and people (universal)
first sentence: 24m vocab dev. w age: 6y: 10.000w
11y: 40.000w
college level: 150.000w

Question 10

common errors

Answer 10

overextension: using same word for many things

under extension: using a word in restricted and individualistic way

Question 11

syntaxing

Answer 11

rules of combining words
first sentence: two word utterance  
2 1/2 y: complete sentence 
grammar: rules to combine our set of words
plural - s ;past tense -ed 
-> essential to language dev.

Question 12

pragmatic

Answer 12

learning how language is used
2 y: respond to feedback from listeners: repeat message in no response
3-4 y: turn taking, eye contact and respond appropriately

Question 13

critical period for language

Answer 13

-sensitive periods: period in dev. during which an organism is most sensitive to effects of external factors

critical periods: limited period of dev. during which organism requires certain condition in order to grow and mature
5y and puberty for language

Question 14

second language

Answer 14

12 m restricted to own language
second language before 7 y-> nattive language
learning later -> poor grammar recognition
indv diff: can learn language after puberty

Question 15

parental influences

Answer 15

parental scaffolding: repeating and building child’s words
aid language dev

labeling object + card games= help w social reference problem

link social class and words hearing to child vocab 
relationship between environment and language dev.

Question 16

cue usage

Answer 16

fast mapping-> known and new objects, new objects related to new words
pragmatic cues-> social context to identify word use, adult attention/emotinal response
linguistic context-> using known grammatical cues, influence what a child understands by word