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communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 5 main ways of disease transmission

A

-through body fluids
-direct physical contact
droplet infection- tiny water droplets in air
transmission by spores- a resistant state of the pathogen can be carried in the air or reside on surfaces or soil
faecal-oral transmission
vectors

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2
Q

urban factors of transmission

A 
overcrowding
poor ventilation
poor health- aids
poor diet
homelessness
migration
climate
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3
Q

transmission of plant pathogens

A
  • fungi spores (airborne)

- in soil ( root damage)

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4
Q

plant defences (physical)

A

waxy cuticle
cellulose cell wall
lignen thickening of cell walls

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5
Q

plant defences (chemical)

A

terpenoids- antifungal and antibacterial properties
alkaloids- taste bitter prevent herbivores from eating
phenols- inhibit attack by insects by deactivating digestive enzymes.
hydrolytic enzymes- between cells break down bacteria cell walls.

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6
Q

what is ring rot

A

plant disease ring of decay in vascular tissue of potato tuber accompanied by leaf wilting (bacterium)

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7
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus

A

causes mottling and discolouration of leaves

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8
Q

what is black sigatoka

A

causes leaf spots on banana plants reducing yield (fungus)

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9
Q

blight

A

affects both leaves and potato tubers (prototist)

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10
Q

ring worm

A

fungus that erupts through skin causing rashes

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11
Q

plant physical defences

A

cellulose cell wall
waxy cuticle- these prevent water collecting on the cell surfaces.
lignin thickening of cells- almost completely indigestible
-callose large polysaccharide is deposited in sieve tubes at end of growing season. prevents pathogen form moving around plant.
tylose formation- a tylose is a balloon swelling, plugs the vessels so it can no longer carry water.

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12
Q

chemical defences

A

terpenoids- a range of essential oils that have a range of antifungal and antibacterial properties
phenols- have antibiotic and antifungal properties. tannins found in bark inhibit attack by insects. these compounds bin to salivary proteins and digestive enzymes.
alkaloids- bitter taste- deter herbivores, act on metabolic reactions
defensive proteins- small cysteine rich proteins that have broad antimicrobial activity
hydrolytic enzymes- these are found in spaces between cells. they include chitinases and glucanases.

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13
Q

what is necrosis

A

deliberate cell suicide

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14
Q

what are the primary defences against diseases

A

skin- mucous membranes, blood clotting and skin repair, lysoenzyme in eye, ear canal lined by wax

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15
Q

seccondary non-specific defences

A

opposonins which bind to antigens
neutrophills- (multilobed nucleus)
macrophages- antigen presenting white blood cells. other cells can recognise it in the immune system.

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16
Q

what initiates the specific response

A

t lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

17
Q

the specific immune response

A

t helper cells- release cytokines that stimulate the B cells to develop and stimulate phagocytosis
T killer cells
T- memory cells which provide long term immunity
T regulator cells which shut down the immune response after the pathogen has been successfully removed.
plasma cells- manufacture and release antibodies
B memory cells- which remain in the body for a number of years and act as the immunological memory

18
Q

why do autoimmune diseases occur

A

immune system attacks a part of the body

19
Q

cell signalling

A

communication is through a release if cytokines
macrophages relase monokines
t cells and macrophages relase interleukins for stimulation of clonal expansion
many cells can release interferon which inhibits virus replication and stimulus of activity with the t-killer cells.

20
Q

examples of antibodies

A

opsonin’swah- bind to pathogens and make it easier for phagocytic cells to bind and destroy pathogen
agglutinins- each antibody molecule as 2 binding cites so are able to crosslink pathogens and clump them together.
anti toxins- some antibodies bind to molecules that are released by pathogenic cells. These molecules may be toxic and the action of anti-toxins renders them harmless

21
Q

primary and secondary responses

A

after the first detection of the pathogen, it takes a number of antibodies in the blood rises to a level that can combat the infection successfully. B and T memory cells remain in blood, production of antibodies is more rapid 2nd response.

22
Q

what is immunioglobin

A

another name for an antibody

23
Q

what is a vaccination

A

a vaccination is a deliberate exposure to antigenic material that has been rendered harmless

24
Q

the antigenic material used in vaccines can take a variety of forms such as:

A

whole, live microorganisms e.g small pox
a harmless or attenuated version of the pathogenic organism e.g measles
a dead pathogen
a preparation of the antigens from a pathogen
a toxoid
moderna and pfilzer vaccine- own body produces antigens of virus (mRna)

25
Q

herd vaccination

A

herd immunity is used to provide immunity to all or almost all of the population at risk, once enough have immunity the dissease can no longer spread.

26
Q

what is ring vaccination-

A

ring vaccination is used when a new case of a disease is reported. they vaccinate everyone within the immediate vicinity of the new case

27
Q

what is clonal expansion

A

the mitosis of lymphocytes to increase numbers.

28
Q

example of an autoimmune disease

A

diabetes type 1

29
Q

how are pandemics prevented

A

washing of hands, children vaccinated

30
Q

what are the different types of immunity

A

natural passive immunity- antibodies from breastmilk
natural active- becoming infected with a virus once and memory cells will produce antibodies for next infection.
artificial passive- antibodies through blood transfusions
artificial active- vaccines

31
Q

why is biodiversity important

A

provides a range of medicines such as penicillin, morphine from poppies etc.

32
Q

what is personalised medecine

A

personalised medicine uses genome screening to sequence genes from an individual with a particular condition and develop specific drugs for the condition

33
Q

what was the impact of ww2 antibiotic use

A

a lot of bacteria is resistant to antibiotics.

34
Q

what is synthetic biology

A

its a field of science that involves redesigning organisms for useful purposes by engineering them to have new abilities.

Biology (7 decks)

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