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Bio Module 4 > Communicable diseases 4.1 > Flashcards

Communicable diseases 4.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Single celled organisms that belong to the prokaryota kingdom, they cause disease by releasing toxins that harm the hosts cell

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2
Q

What are viruses?

A

It is a microbe that invades cells and forces the cell to copy their DNA then burts out killing the cell

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3
Q

What are fungi?

A

An organism that digests surrounding tissue and can release spores that cause redness and irritation

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4
Q

what are protoctista?

A

A unicellular organisms that contain a nucleus and enter host cells and feed on its contents to grow

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5
Q

What is the structure of a virus?

A

Genetic material covered in a protein coating

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6
Q

What are the required diseases?

A
  • tuberculosis
  • bacterial meningitis
  • ring rot
  • HIV/ AIDS
  • influenza
  • TMV
  • black sigatoka
  • ringworm
  • athletes foot
  • potato blight
  • malaria
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7
Q

What causes tuberculosis and who does it affect?

A
  • bacteria
  • animals
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8
Q

What causes bacterial meningitis and who does it affect?

A
  • bacteria
  • animals
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9
Q

What causes ring rot and who does it affect?

A
  • bacteria
  • plant
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10
Q

What causes HIV/ AIDS and who does it affect?

A
  • virus
  • animals
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11
Q

What causes influenza and who does it affect?

A
  • virus
  • animals
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12
Q

What causes tobacco mosaic virus and who does it affect?

A
  • virus
  • plants
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13
Q

What causes black sigatoka and who does it affect?

A
  • fungus
  • plants
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14
Q

What causes ringworm and who does it affect?

A
  • fungus
  • animal
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15
Q

What causes athletes foot and who does it affect?

A
  • fungus
  • animals
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16
Q

What causes potato blight and who does it affect?

A
  • protoctista
  • plants
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17
Q

What causes malaria and who does it affect?

A
  • protoctista
  • animals
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18
Q

What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

Kills lung tissue

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

A

Infection of the meninges

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of ring rot?

A

Rings of decay in vascular tissue

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV/ AIDS?

A

Weakend immune system

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of influenza?

A

Muscle pains and headaches

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Discolouration of leaves

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of black sigatoka?

A

Leaf spots on banana plants

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of ringworm?

A

Rash

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26
Q

What are the symptoms of athletes foot?

A

Growth under skin of the feet

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of potato blight?

A

Affects leaves and tubers

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28
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

Headache and fever

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29
Q

How is tuberculosis transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?

A
  • water/ air born
  • antibiotics
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30
Q

How is bacterial meningitis transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?

A
  • physical contact
  • antibiotics
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31
Q

How is ring rot transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?

A
  • physical contact and water born
  • antibiotics
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32
Q

How is HIV/ AIDS transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?

A
  • physical contact
  • antiretrovirals
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33
Q

How is influenza transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?

A
  • water/ air born
  • vaccine
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34
Q

How is tobacco mosaic virus transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?

A
  • physical contact
  • prevent it spreading
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35
Q

How is black sigatoka transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?

A

water/ air born and physical contact
- anti fungal spray

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36
Q

How is ringworm transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?

A
  • physical contact
  • anti fungal cream
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37
Q

How is athletes foot transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?

A
  • physical contact
  • anti fungal cream
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38
Q

How is potato blight transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?

A
  • air born and physical contact
  • quaratine and spreading plants out
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39
Q

How is malaria transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?

A
  • animal vector
  • mosquito nets
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40
Q

What are the three ways of direct transmission?

A
  • direct contact
  • innoculation
  • ingestion
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41
Q

What counts as direct contact?

A
  • contact with bodily fluids
  • skin to skin
  • microbes from faeces
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42
Q

What counts as innoculation?

A
  • break in the skin
  • animal bites
  • puncture wounds/ sharing needles
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43
Q

What counts as ingestion?

A
  • taking in conaminated food or drink
  • transfer of pathogens from hand to mouth
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44
Q

What are the three ways of indirect transmission?

A
  • fomites
  • droplet infection
  • vectors
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45
Q

What counts as fomites?

A
  • innanimate objects
  • bed, socks, cosmetics
46
Q

What counts as droplet infection?

A
  • slaiva expelled from your mouth which is then breathed in and pathogens are passed
47
Q

What counts as vectors?

A
  • transmit diseases from one host to another
  • mosquitos and rats
48
Q

What are the factors that affect transmission in animals?

A
  • overcrowded
  • poor nutrition
  • compromised immune system
  • poor waste disposal
  • climate change
  • culture
  • infrastructure
49
Q

What are the factors that affect transmission in plants?

A
  • choice of plant species
  • overcrowding
  • monoculture
  • poor availibility of minerals
  • damp warm conditions
  • import/ export of plants
  • climate change
  • farming practices
    (crop rotation, disenfect equipment)
50
Q

What are the forms of indirect transmissions in plants?

A
  • soil
  • machinery
  • equipment
  • storage sheds
  • compost
  • seeds
51
Q

What are the plants physical barriers?

A
  • waxy cutivle
  • bark
  • celluose cell walls
  • lignifide cell wals
  • callus formation
52
Q

What is callose?

A

Something made by a plant in response to a pathogen

53
Q

Where is callose deposited?

A
  • between cell wall and membrane
  • plasmodesmata
  • sieve plates
54
Q

What does callose do?

A

Strengthens cell walls to help protect against pathogens

55
Q

What happens in a plant cell when a pathogen is detected?

A
56
Q

What are the chemical plant defences?

A
  • insect repellent (citronella)
  • insecticides (ricin, cyanide, caffein)
  • antibacterial and antifungal
    (rhenols, allicin, lysozymes
  • terpenoids
57
Q

What are the non specific animal defenses against pathogens?

A
  • skin
  • cilliated epithelial cells
  • blood clotting
  • inflamation
  • wound repair
  • expulsive reflex
58
Q

How does skin defend against pathogens?

A
  • physical and chemical barrier
  • secretes fatty acids which lowers PH and kills bacteria
  • secretes lysozyme
59
Q

How does cilliated epithelial cells defend against pathogens?

A
  • mucus traps foreign bodies
  • cillia waft mucus past the cells
  • secrete antimicrobial enzymes
  • found in mouth, nostrils, ears, genitals, anus
60
Q

How does blood clotting defend against pathogens?

A

-fibrin clots when it comes in contact with damaged epithelial cells
- platelets come into contact with collagen
- secrete serotonin and thromboplastin
(serotonin narrows blood vessel)

61
Q

How does inflamation defend against pathogens?

A
  • swelling, heat, redness, pain
  • damaged tissue release histamines and cytokines
  • increases permeability of blood vessels
  • laking fluid causes swelling
  • vasodilation causes the effects
62
Q

How does wound repair defend against pathogens?

A
  • repair any breach to the skin
  • tissue below wound contracts
  • collagen fibres repair wound
63
Q

How does expulsive reflex defend against pathogens?

A
  • coughing or sneezing
  • expels pathogens,dirt, dust
  • it is automatic
64
Q

What are the non specific secondary responses?

A
  • fevers
  • phagocytosis
  • chemicals that aid phagocytosis
    (cytokines and opsonins)
65
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

66
Q

How do neutrophis work?

A
  • travel throughout body and ‘patrol’
  • released in large numbers
  • short lived
  • move towards pathogens
67
Q

How do macrophages work?

A
  • move into organs
  • produced in the bone marrow
  • long lived
  • move into the blood as monocytes and once they settle into organs maturre into macrophages
  • doesnt fully digest pathogens
68
Q

How does phagocytosis work?

A
  • Neutrophil binds to opsonin attached to the antigen of the pathogen
  • pathogen is engulfed (phagosome)
  • lysosome fuse to phagosome and release lytic enzymes (phagolysosome)
  • products released into the cell
69
Q

What do opsonins do?

A

Enhance the ability to bind and engluf pathogens for phagocytosis

70
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

Stimulate the activity of and attrackt macrophages

71
Q

What does APC stand for?

A

Antigen presenting cell

72
Q

What type of white blood cell partakes in the specific immune response?

A

Lymphocytes

73
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

74
Q

How many receptors are there for every antigen ever to exist?

A

1 or 2

75
Q

What are the three ways the immune system comes into contact with the pathogen?

A
  • pathogen
  • antigen presenting cell
  • infected body cell
76
Q

How is a humoral responce triggered?

A

By the pathogen

77
Q

How is a cell mediated response triggered?

A

By the APC or the infected body cell

78
Q

What kind of lymphocyte is a humoral response?

A

B lymphocytes

79
Q

What kind of lymphocyte is a cell mediated response?

A

T lymphocytes

80
Q

What are the processes of the specific immune response?

A
  • clonal selection
  • clonal expansion
  • differentiation
  • roles of differenciated cells
81
Q

What cells do T lymphocytes differenciate into?

A
  • T killer cell
  • T supressor cell
  • T helper cell
  • T memory cell
82
Q

What does a T killer cell do?

A

Destroys pathogens

83
Q

What does T supressor cells do?

A

Supress immune responses

84
Q

What does T helper cells do?

A

Produces cytokines (interlukins) that increase the rate of mitosis and differentiation of B cells

85
Q

What does T memory cells do

A

Remains in the blood and divides and differenciates if the pathogen re enters as a secondary immune response

86
Q

What is an interleukin?

A

A cytokine that is produced by one lymphocyte and affacts another lymphocyte

87
Q

What do B lymphocytes differenciate into?

A
  • B memory cells
  • plasma cells
88
Q

What doe plasma cells do?

A

Release antibodies

89
Q

What do B memory cells do?

A

Remains in the blood and divides and differenciates if the pathogen re enters as a secondary immune response

90
Q

What are the 4 ways that antibodies work?

A
  • act as an opsonin
  • agglutination
  • antitoxins
  • bind to antigens to stop them from binding to the host cell
91
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A
  • 4 polypeptide chains
    (2 heavy, 2 light chains)
  • held by disulfide bridges
  • hinge region
  • variable region
  • constant region
92
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

When the immune system remembers a pathogen

93
Q

What happens at the first infection?

A
  • clonal selection
  • clonal expansion
  • differentiation
  • plasma cells produce antibodies
94
Q

What happens at the second infection?

A
  • memory cells
  • antibodies produced quicker
  • more antibodies produces
  • antibodies stay for longer
95
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

A disease that attacks your own body cells

96
Q

What are the three autoimmune diseases?

A
  • lupus (connective tissue)
  • type 1 diabetes (pancreas)
  • rheumatoid arthritis (tissue around joints)
97
Q

How are autoimmune diseases treated?

A

With anti-inflamatory, steroids and immunosuppressant drugs

98
Q

What are the types of immunity?

A
  • natural
  • artificial
  • passive
  • active
99
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

Gained through the normal course of living processes

100
Q

What is artificial immunity?

A

Deliberate exposure to antibodies/ antigens

101
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

get given antibodies

102
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Antibodies are made by your body as part of an immune response

103
Q

What are the types of vaccines?

A
  • dead
  • attenuated
  • toxoid
  • antigens
  • genetically engineered antigens
104
Q

How does the process of a vaccine work?

A
  • vaccine injected into blood
  • primary immune response triggeres
  • body produces antibodies and memory cells
  • if secondary immune response triggeres antibodies are produced and pathogen is killed rapidly
  • immunological memory
105
Q

Why should you vaccinate?

A
  • long term immunity
  • prevent epidemics and pandemics
  • diseases can be fatal and have serious consequenses whilst waiting for the primary immune responce to have effect
106
Q

What are the medicens?

A
  • penicillin (fungus)
  • asprin (willow bark(
  • prialt (venom of cone snails)
  • vancomycin (soil fungus)
  • digoxin (foxglove)
  • docetaxel/ paclitaxel (yew tree)
107
Q

How do pharmacogenetics work?

A
  • mutations are identified
  • drugs are developed to target mutations
  • cells that carry mutations are shut down
108
Q

What are three methods of using synthetic biology to treat diseases?

A
  • genetic engineer bacteria to produce drugs
  • genetic engineer mammals to produce healthier milk
  • nanotechnology (bucky balls)
109
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin resistant staphy lococcus

110
Q

How do you reduce chances of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A
  • minimise use of antibiotics
  • completing the course
  • good hygine

Bio Module 4 (3 decks)

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