Communicable diseases 4.1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are bacteria?
A
Single celled organisms that belong to the prokaryota kingdom, they cause disease by releasing toxins that harm the hosts cell
2
Q
What are viruses?
A
It is a microbe that invades cells and forces the cell to copy their DNA then burts out killing the cell
3
Q
What are fungi?
A
An organism that digests surrounding tissue and can release spores that cause redness and irritation
4
Q
what are protoctista?
A
A unicellular organisms that contain a nucleus and enter host cells and feed on its contents to grow
5
Q
What is the structure of a virus?
A
Genetic material covered in a protein coating
6
Q
What are the required diseases?
A
- tuberculosis
- bacterial meningitis
- ring rot
- HIV/ AIDS
- influenza
- TMV
- black sigatoka
- ringworm
- athletes foot
- potato blight
- malaria
7
Q
What causes tuberculosis and who does it affect?
A
- bacteria
- animals
8
Q
What causes bacterial meningitis and who does it affect?
A
- bacteria
- animals
9
Q
What causes ring rot and who does it affect?
A
- bacteria
- plant
10
Q
What causes HIV/ AIDS and who does it affect?
A
- virus
- animals
11
Q
What causes influenza and who does it affect?
A
- virus
- animals
12
Q
What causes tobacco mosaic virus and who does it affect?
A
- virus
- plants
13
Q
What causes black sigatoka and who does it affect?
A
- fungus
- plants
14
Q
What causes ringworm and who does it affect?
A
- fungus
- animal
15
Q
What causes athletes foot and who does it affect?
A
- fungus
- animals
16
Q
What causes potato blight and who does it affect?
A
- protoctista
- plants
17
Q
What causes malaria and who does it affect?
A
- protoctista
- animals
18
Q
What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?
A
Kills lung tissue
19
Q
What are the symptoms of bacterial meningitis?
A
Infection of the meninges
20
Q
What are the symptoms of ring rot?
A
Rings of decay in vascular tissue
21
Q
What are the symptoms of HIV/ AIDS?
A
Weakend immune system
22
Q
What are the symptoms of influenza?
A
Muscle pains and headaches
23
Q
What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?
A
Discolouration of leaves
24
Q
What are the symptoms of black sigatoka?
A
Leaf spots on banana plants
25
What are the symptoms of ringworm?
Rash
26
What are the symptoms of athletes foot?
Growth under skin of the feet
27
What are the symptoms of potato blight?
Affects leaves and tubers
28
What are the symptoms of malaria?
Headache and fever
29
How is tuberculosis transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?
- water/ air born
- antibiotics
30
How is bacterial meningitis transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?
- physical contact
- antibiotics
31
How is ring rot transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?
- physical contact and water born
- antibiotics
32
How is HIV/ AIDS transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?
- physical contact
- antiretrovirals
33
How is influenza transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?
- water/ air born
- vaccine
34
How is tobacco mosaic virus transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?
- physical contact
- prevent it spreading
35
How is black sigatoka transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?
water/ air born and physical contact
- anti fungal spray
36
How is ringworm transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?
- physical contact
- anti fungal cream
37
How is athletes foot transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?
- physical contact
- anti fungal cream
38
How is potato blight transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?
- air born and physical contact
- quaratine and spreading plants out
39
How is malaria transmitted and what is the prevention/ treatment?
- animal vector
- mosquito nets
40
What are the three ways of direct transmission?
- direct contact
- innoculation
- ingestion
41
What counts as direct contact?
- contact with bodily fluids
- skin to skin
- microbes from faeces
42
What counts as innoculation?
- break in the skin
- animal bites
- puncture wounds/ sharing needles
43
What counts as ingestion?
- taking in conaminated food or drink
- transfer of pathogens from hand to mouth
44
What are the three ways of indirect transmission?
- fomites
- droplet infection
- vectors
45
What counts as fomites?
- innanimate objects
- bed, socks, cosmetics
46
What counts as droplet infection?
- slaiva expelled from your mouth which is then breathed in and pathogens are passed
47
What counts as vectors?
- transmit diseases from one host to another
- mosquitos and rats
48
What are the factors that affect transmission in animals?
- overcrowded
- poor nutrition
- compromised immune system
- poor waste disposal
- climate change
- culture
- infrastructure
49
What are the factors that affect transmission in plants?
- choice of plant species
- overcrowding
- monoculture
- poor availibility of minerals
- damp warm conditions
- import/ export of plants
- climate change
- farming practices
(crop rotation, disenfect equipment)
50
What are the forms of indirect transmissions in plants?
- soil
- machinery
- equipment
- storage sheds
- compost
- seeds
51
What are the plants physical defenses?
- waxy cutivle
- bark
- celluose cell walls
- lignifide cell wals
- callus formation
52
What is callose?
Something made by a plant in response to a pathogen
53
Where is callose deposited?
- between cell wall and membrane
- plasmodesmata
- sieve plates
54
What does callose do?
Strengthens cell walls to help protect against pathogens
55
What happens in a plant cell when a pathogen is detected?
56
What are the chemical plant defences?
- insect repellent (citronella)
- insecticides (ricin, cyanide, caffein)
- antibacterial and antifungal
(rhenols, allicin, lysozymes
- terpenoids
- TANNINS
- ALKALOIDS
- PHEROMONES
57
What are the non specific animal defenses against pathogens?
- skin
- cilliated epithelial cells
- blood clotting
- inflamation
- wound repair
- expulsive reflex
58
How does skin defend against pathogens?
- physical and chemical barrier
- secretes fatty acids which lowers PH and kills bacteria
- secretes lysozyme
59
How does cilliated epithelial cells defend against pathogens?
- mucus traps foreign bodies
- cillia waft mucus past the cells
- secrete antimicrobial enzymes
- found in mouth, nostrils, ears, genitals, anus
60
How does blood clotting defend against pathogens?
-fibrin clots when it comes in contact with damaged epithelial cells
- platelets come into contact with collagen
- secrete serotonin and thromboplastin
(serotonin narrows blood vessel)
61
How does inflamation defend against pathogens?
- swelling, heat, redness, pain
- damaged tissue release histamines and cytokines
- increases permeability of blood vessels
- laking fluid causes swelling
- vasodilation causes the effects
62
How does wound repair defend against pathogens?
- repair any breach to the skin
- tissue below wound contracts
- collagen fibres repair wound
63
How does expulsive reflex defend against pathogens?
- coughing or sneezing
- expels pathogens,dirt, dust
- it is automatic
64
What are the non specific secondary responses?
- fevers
- phagocytosis
- chemicals that aid phagocytosis
(cytokines and opsonins)
65
What are the two types of phagocytes?
Neutrophils and macrophages
66
How do neutrophis work?
- travel throughout body and 'patrol'
- released in large numbers
- short lived
- move towards pathogens
67
How do macrophages work?
- move into organs
- produced in the bone marrow
- long lived
- move into the blood as monocytes and once they settle into organs maturre into macrophages
- doesnt fully digest pathogens
68
How does phagocytosis work?
- Neutrophil binds to opsonin attached to the antigen of the pathogen
- pathogen is engulfed (phagosome)
- lysosome fuse to phagosome and release lytic enzymes (phagolysosome)
- products released into the cell
69
What do opsonins do?
Enhance the ability to bind and engluf pathogens for phagocytosis
70
What do cytokines do?
Stimulate the activity of and attrackt macrophages
71
What does APC stand for?
Antigen presenting cell
72
What type of white blood cell partakes in the specific immune response?
Lymphocytes
73
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes
74
How many receptors are there for every antigen ever to exist?
1 or 2
75
What are the three ways the immune system comes into contact with the pathogen?
- pathogen
- antigen presenting cell
- infected body cell
76
How is a humoral responce triggered?
By the pathogen
77
How is a cell mediated response triggered?
By the APC or the infected body cell
78
What kind of lymphocyte is a humoral response?
B lymphocytes
79
What kind of lymphocyte is a cell mediated response?
T lymphocytes
80
What are the processes of the specific immune response?
- clonal selection
- clonal expansion
- differentiation
- roles of differenciated cells
81
What cells do T lymphocytes differenciate into?
- T killer cell
- T supressor cell
- T helper cell
- T memory cell
82
What does a T killer cell do?
Destroys pathogens
83
What does T supressor cells do?
Supress immune responses
84
What does T helper cells do?
Produces cytokines (interlukins) that increase the rate of mitosis and differentiation of B cells
85
What does T memory cells do
Remains in the blood and divides and differenciates if the pathogen re enters as a secondary immune response
86
What is an interleukin?
A cytokine that is produced by one lymphocyte and affacts another lymphocyte
87
What do B lymphocytes differenciate into?
- B memory cells
- plasma cells
88
What doe plasma cells do?
Release antibodies
89
What do B memory cells do?
Remains in the blood and divides and differenciates if the pathogen re enters as a secondary immune response
90
What are the 4 ways that antibodies work?
- act as an opsonin
- agglutination
- antitoxins
- bind to antigens to stop them from binding to the host cell
91
What is the structure of an antibody?
- 4 polypeptide chains
(2 heavy, 2 light chains)
- held by disulfide bridges
- hinge region
- variable region
- constant region
92
What is immunological memory?
When the immune system remembers a pathogen
93
What happens at the first infection?
- clonal selection
- clonal expansion
- differentiation
- plasma cells produce antibodies
94
What happens at the second infection?
- memory cells
- antibodies produced quicker
- more antibodies produces
- antibodies stay for longer
95
What is an autoimmune disease?
A disease that attacks your own body cells
96
What are the three autoimmune diseases?
- lupus (connective tissue)
- type 1 diabetes (pancreas)
- rheumatoid arthritis (tissue around joints)
97
How are autoimmune diseases treated?
With anti-inflamatory, steroids and immunosuppressant drugs
98
What are the types of immunity?
- natural
- artificial
- passive
- active
99
What is natural immunity?
Gained through the normal course of living processes
100
What is artificial immunity?
Deliberate exposure to antibodies/ antigens
101
What is passive immunity?
get given antibodies
102
What is active immunity?
Antibodies are made by your body as part of an immune response
103
What are the types of vaccines?
- dead
- attenuated
- toxoid
- antigens
- genetically engineered antigens
104
How does the process of a vaccine work?
- vaccine injected into blood
- primary immune response triggeres
- body produces antibodies and memory cells
- if secondary immune response triggeres antibodies are produced and pathogen is killed rapidly
- immunological memory
105
Why should you vaccinate?
- long term immunity
- prevent epidemics and pandemics
- diseases can be fatal and have serious consequenses whilst waiting for the primary immune responce to have effect
106
What are the medicens?
- penicillin (fungus)
- asprin (willow bark(
- prialt (venom of cone snails)
- vancomycin (soil fungus)
- digoxin (foxglove)
- docetaxel/ paclitaxel (yew tree)
107
How do pharmacogenetics work?
- mutations are identified
- drugs are developed to target mutations
- cells that carry mutations are shut down
108
What are three methods of using synthetic biology to treat diseases?
- genetic engineer bacteria to produce drugs
- genetic engineer mammals to produce healthier milk
- nanotechnology (bucky balls)
109
What does MRSA stand for?
Methicillin resistant staphy lococcus
110
How do you reduce chances of antibiotic resistant bacteria?
- minimise use of antibiotics
- completing the course
- good hygine
