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Bio Module 4 > Biodiversity 4.2 > Flashcards

Biodiversity 4.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

A measure of the variation found in the living world

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2
Q

What is a habitat?

A

Where an organism lives

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3
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

What are the three types of biodiversity?

A
  • habitiat
  • species
  • genetic
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5
Q

Describe habitat bidiversity

A

The range of habitats in which different species live

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6
Q

Describe genetic biodiversity

A

The variation between individuals belonging to the same species which ensures we do not look identical

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7
Q

Describe species biodiversity

A

The range and number of organisms found in a habitat

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of sampling?

A
  • random
  • opportunistic
  • stratified
  • systematic
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9
Q

Explain random sampling

A

It is sample sites inside a habitat that are randomly selected by using randomly generated numbers as coordinates for your sample

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10
Q

Explain opportunistic sampling

A

When the researcher makes sampling decisions based on prior knowledge or during the process of collecting data, they may deliberately sample an area that contains a certain species

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11
Q

Explain stratified sampling

A

Dividing a habitat into areas which appear different and sampleing them a proportionate amount of times in proportion to how much of each habitat there is

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12
Q

Explain systematic sampling

A

When samples are taken at fixed intervals across the habitat, line transect and belt transect are systematic techniques

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13
Q

What are the advantages of random sampling?

A

Ensures the data is not biased by selective sampling

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of random sampling?

A
  • may not cober all areas of the habitat equally
  • low presence may be missed
  • underestimates biodiversity
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15
Q

What are the advanatges of opportunistic sampling?

A

Easier and quicker than random sampling

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of opportunistic sampling?

A
  • the data may be biased
  • large colourful species may entice researcher to include that species
  • leads to overestimate of importance of the species
  • overestimates biodiversity
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17
Q

What are the advantages of stratified sampling?

A
  • ensures that all different areas of the habitat are sampled
  • species are not under represented
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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of stratified sampling?

A
  • there is the possibility that it leads to over representation
    Eg/ disproporionate number of samples taken in a small area
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19
Q

What are the advantages of systematic sampling?

A
  • useful when the habitat shows a clear gradient on some environmental factor
    Eg/ getting drier away from the pond
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20
Q

What are the disadvantages of systematic sampling?

A
  • only species on the line are recorded
  • some species may be missed
  • leads to underestimate of biodiversity
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21
Q

What is the preparation of sampling a habitat?

A
  • suitable clothing
  • suitable footwear
  • apparatus needed to carry out sampling
  • appropriate key to identify species
  • camera to record specimens
  • pen and paper to record observations
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22
Q

What apparatus is used for sampling plants?

A
  • quadrat
  • measuring tape
  • clipboard, pen, paper
  • camera
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23
Q

What are the methods for catching invertebrates?

A
  • sweep netting with a stout net
  • pooter
  • spred a white sheet under a tree and nock it with a stout stick
  • pitfall trap
  • a light trap (tullgren funnel)
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24
Q

What are the methods for cathcing small animals?

A
  • longworth trap
  • capture recapture
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25
Q

What is the equation for capture recapture?

A

N = (MxC) / R

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26
Q

What does N represent in the capture recapture equation?

A

Population size

27
Q

What does M represent in the capture recapture equation?

A

Number of in first sample

28
Q

What does C represent in the capture recapture equation?

A

Number in second sample

29
Q

What does R represent in the capture recapture equation?

A

Number of marked in the recapture

30
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene

31
Q

What is a locus?

A

The position of that gene on a chromosome

32
Q

What is a polymorphic gene locus?

A

A locus that has more than two alleles

33
Q

What is Simpson’s index of biodiversity?

A

A measure of the diversity of a habitat

34
Q

What is the formula for simpson’s index of diversity?

A

D = 1 - (E (n/N)^2)

35
Q

What is species eveness?

A

A measure of how evenly represented the species are

36
Q

What is species richness?

A

A measure of how many different species are presented

37
Q

How do you survey the frequency of plants?

A
  • record the percentage cover of each plant species
  • for large plants count the number of individuals
38
Q

How do you measure the density of animals in a habitat?

A
  • large animals can be counted by observation
  • smaller animals can be counted by using capture recapture
39
Q

What does a higher value mean on Simpson’s index?

A

A higher biodiversity

40
Q

What does a lower value mean on Simpson’s index?

A

A lower biodiversity

41
Q

How do you calculate genetic diversity?

A

When a particular feature shows variation between individuals

42
Q

What is climate change?

A

Significant, long lasting changes in weather patterns

43
Q

What is monoculture?

A

Acrop consisting of one strain of one species

44
Q

How have humans affected the natural world?

A
  • learned to use the environment to our advantage
  • we alter the ecosystem to provide ourselves with food
  • we destroy and fragment nabitats
  • we are using more of the earths resources
  • we pollute the atmosphere
45
Q

How has agriculture affected biodiversity?

A

We reduce the size of habitats and population size of any wild species in those habitats, this reduces genetic diversity meaning that species have less capacity to adapt

46
Q

How does selective beeding reduce genetic diversity?

A

Farmers select particular traits which means that some characteristics are ignored which means genetic diversity decreases

47
Q

How does climate change affect species?

A

As climate changes they are less able to adapt to the changes in temperature and rainfall and this means there will be slow migration of populations towards the poles

48
Q

What are the obstructions to migration?

A
  • major human developments
  • agricultural land
  • large bodies of water
  • mountain range
49
Q

When does extinction occur?

A

When the last living member of a species dies and the species ceases to exist

50
Q

What are the statistics to do with extinction?

A
  • there have been over 800 recorded extinctions since the year 1500
  • up to 20% of the species alive today could be extinct by 2023
  • the current rate of extinction is at least as fast as in any extinction rate
51
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

One that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance

52
Q

What is soil depletion?

A

The loss of soil fertility caused by removal of minerals by continuous cropping

53
Q

Why is it bad if genetic biodiversity declines?

A

It means that we could lose the natural solutions to some of our problems

54
Q

What are economic reasons to maintain biodiversity?

A
  • regulation of the atmosphere and climate
  • formation and fertilisation of the soil
  • recycling of nutrients
  • crop pollination
  • growth of timber, food and fuel
  • purification and retention of water
55
Q

What are the aesthetic reasons to maintain biodiversity?

A

We experience a feeling of joy and wellbeing when observing variations of nature

56
Q

What are the ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity?

A
  • minimise disruption to food chain
  • minimise disruption to nutrient cycle
  • minimise disruption to pollinators
  • protect keystone species
57
Q

What is In situ conservation?

A

It is inside an organism’s natural habitat and include marine conservation and wild reserves

58
Q

What is Ex situ conservations?

A

It removes organisms from their natural habitat and includes seed banks, botanic gardens and captive breeding programs?

59
Q

How do wildlife reserves help?

A
  • protect an area
  • control grazing
  • restricts human access
  • controls poaching
  • removes invasive species
  • feeding animals until they reach reproductive age
60
Q

How does marine conservation help?

A
  • Lundy islands in Devon
  • protects habitats (seaweed)
  • creates areas of refuge so populations can increase in size
61
Q

How do botanic gardens help?

A
  • plant species grown successfully with the right conditions and care
  • provides the plants with nutrients, minerals, water, removes pests and correct temperature
62
Q

How do seed banks help?

A
  • seeds are stored in underground vaults at the right conditions
  • dry, dark, -20 degrees
  • slows rate that they lose their ability to germinate
  • backup in case of extinction
63
Q

How do captive breeding programmes help?

A
  • offspring are produced in a human controlled environment
  • often managed by zoos or aquatic centres
  • provides animals with shelter, food, no predators, vets and breeding partners
64
Q

What are the problems with captive breeding?

A
  • maintaining genetic diversity
  • low resistance to disease/ new diseases in the wild
  • behaviour, not knowing how to hunt
  • natural habitat may be lost
  • genetic differences to animals in the wild might mean they can’t interbreed

Bio Module 4 (3 decks)

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