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Bio Module 4 > Classification and evolution 4.3 > Flashcards

Classification and evolution 4.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do humans classify living things?

A
  • for our convenience
  • makes the study of living things more manageable
  • makes it easier to identify organisms
  • helps us see the relationships between species
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2
Q

How many levels does the current system of classification use?

A

8 taxonomic levels

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3
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic levels called?

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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4
Q

What are the three domains?

A
  • archaea
  • eubacteria
  • eukaryotae
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5
Q

What are the 5 main kingdoms?

A
  • plantae
  • animalia
  • fungi
  • protoctista
  • prokaryotes
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6
Q

What is the phylum classification?

A

It is the major subdivision of the kingdom and contains all the groups of organisms that have the same body plan

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7
Q

What is the class classification?

A

A group of organisms tha all poses the same general traits (same number of legs)

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8
Q

What is the order classification?

A

A subdivision of class using additional info about the organisms (class mammal divided into order carnivora or order herbivora)

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9
Q

What is the family classification?

A

A group of closely related gena (withing order carnivora, dog and cat family)

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10
Q

What is the genus classification?

A

A group of closely related species

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11
Q

What is the species classification?

A

The basic unit of classification, all members show variation but are all essentially the same

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12
Q

What is classification?

A

The process of placing living things into groups

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13
Q

What happens as you desend to the lower taxonomic groups?

A

It becomes increasingly difficult to separate closely related species accurately and a very detailed description of the species is needed

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14
Q

What is the binomial naming system?

A

A system that uses the genus name and yje species name to avoid confusion when naming organisms

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15
Q

What does binomial mean?

A

Two names

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16
Q

Who divised the binomial system?

A

Carl linnaeus

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17
Q

Why does using common names not work well?

A
  • different common names are used in different countries
  • translation of languages may give different names
  • same organisms have completely different common names in different parts of one country
  • same common name might be used for different species in other parts of the world
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18
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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19
Q

What is the phylogenetic definition of a species?

A

A group of individual organisms that are very similar in appearance, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and genetics

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20
Q

What are the characersitics of prokaryota?

A
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of protoctista?

A
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22
Q

What are the characteristics of fungi?

A
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23
Q

What are the characteristics of plantae?

A
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24
Q

What are the characteristics of animalia?

A
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25
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When two unrelated species adapt in similar ways

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26
Q

How does biological molecules help with classification?

A

They help determin how closely related one species is to another due to unique differences in large biological molecules which have changed due to evolution

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27
Q

What is cytochrome c?

A

A protein used in respiration that all living organisms that respire contain

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28
Q

Explain how biological molecules show how closely related species are to eachother

A

Two organisms with similar molecules will be closely related as they have not evolved separately for long and the other way round

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29
Q

Explain how cytochrom c shows the relationships between species

A

Cytochrome c is not identical in every species and the sequence of amino acids can be compared, the more differences between the sequence the less closely related the species are

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30
Q

Explain how DNA shows how closely related species are

A

By comparing DNA sequences, the more similar the sequence in a part of the DNA the more closely related the species

31
Q

Which is probably the most accurate way to demonstrate how closely related species are?

A

Comparing DNA sequences

32
Q

Who suggested the three domain system?

A

Carl Woese

33
Q

What kingdom was divided into bacteria and archaea?

A

Prokaryota

34
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms

35
Q

What are the characteristics of artificial classification?

A
  • based on few characteristics
  • does not reflect any evolutionary relationships
  • provides limited information
  • is stable
36
Q

What is artificial classification?

A

A form of classification that groups things in a way that is easy to remember or easy to find a particular object

37
Q

What are the characteristics of natural classification?

A
  • uses many characteristics
  • reflects evolutionary relationships
  • provides lots of useful information
  • may change with advancing knowledge
38
Q

What is natural classification?

A

A form of classification that involves detailed study of the individuals in a species and reflects real relationships betweeen the groups

39
Q

What does a branched point mean on the evolutionary tree?

A

A common ancestor

40
Q

What does it mean if two organisms have a recent common ancestor?

A

The two organisms are closely related

41
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The term used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproduction of individuals in a population

42
Q

What did Charles darwin do?

A

He proposed a mechanism for the process of evolution (natural selection)

43
Q

Who was Alfred Russel Wallace?

A

Another naturalist who came to the same conclusion as Darwin

44
Q

What were the 4 observations that Darwin made?

A
  • Offspring generally appear similar to their parents
  • No two individuals are identical
  • Organisms have the ability to produce a large number of offspring
  • populations in nature tend to remain fairly stable in size
45
Q

What did Darwin find out that fossils showed?

A
  • in the past the world was inhabited by species that were different from those present today
  • old species have died out and new species have arisen
  • the new species that have appeared are often similar to the older ones found in the same place
46
Q

What evidence is there for evolution?

A
  • fossil evidence
  • biological molecules
47
Q

How does biological molecules provide evidence for evolution?

A

Closely related species will have identical or similar biological molecules and in distant species the biological molecules are likely to differ more (shown in DNA and cytochrome c)

48
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

Variation where there are two extremes and a full range of values in between (height)

49
Q

How should you present the data for continuous variation?

A

Histogram

50
Q

What is discontinuous variation?

A

Where there are distinct categories and nothing in between (gender)

51
Q

How should you present the data for discontinuous cariation?

A

Bar chart

52
Q

Whats is environmental variation?

A

Variation caused by response to environmental factors such as light intensity (an overfed pet will become obese)

53
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Variation caused by possesing a different combination of alleles (The combination of alleles that we inherit is not the same as that in any other living thing)

54
Q

What is interspecific variation?

A

The differences between species

55
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

The variation between members of the same species (eye colour)

56
Q

What is variation?

A

The presence of variety, the differences between individuals

57
Q

What are some of the combined effects of genetic and environmental variation?

A
  • humans have become taller as a result of a better diet but you are unlikely to grow tall if your family is short
  • not all genes are active at any one time
  • changes in the environment can also directly affect which genes are active
58
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

A characteristic that enhances survival in the habitat

59
Q

What is an anatomical adaptation?

A

Structural features (marram grass has curled leaves)

60
Q

What is a behavioural adaptation?

A

The ways the behaviour is modified for survival (marram grass rolls leaves more when in a water shortage)

61
Q

What is a physiological adaptation?

A

Affect the way the processes work (marram grass’ guard cells opening and closing the stomata)

62
Q

What can a well adapted organism do?

A
  • find enough foor or photosynthesise well
  • find enough water
  • gather enough nutrients
  • defend itself from predators and disease
  • respond to changes in the environment
  • have sufficient energy for successful reproduction
  • surviv the physical conditions of its environment
63
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When unrelated species living in similar habitats evolve to have similar adaptations

64
Q

Explain natural selection

A

An individual that has a characteristic which helps it survive in its environment is more likely to live long enough to reproduce

65
Q

How does natural selection work?

A
  • mutations create alleles
  • this creates genetic intraspecific variation
  • once variety exists and resources are scarce the environment can select the characteristics that give an advantage
  • there is a selection pressure
  • individual with advantageous characteristics will survive and reproduce
  • and pass on the advantageous characteristics (inheritance)
  • The next generation will have a higher proportion of those characteristics
  • overtime the organism will become adapted to its environment
66
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

A measure of the spread around the mean

67
Q

What is a student’s t-test?

A

A test used to compare two means

68
Q

What is spearman’s rank test?

A

A test done to measure the strength and direction of association between two continuous pieces of data

69
Q

How do you conclude a T test?

A
  • state the null hypothesis so there is no significant difference between the data sets
  • calculate the t statistic using the t-test formula
  • calculate degrees of freedom (n1 + n2 - 2)
  • compare the statistic with the critical value
69
Q

What does it mean if the t test is over the critical value?

A
  • reject the null hypothesis
  • the means are significanly different
69
Q

What does it mean if the t test is below the critical value?

A
  • accept the null hypothesis
  • there is no significant difference between the means
  • any difference is due to chance
70
Q

How do you conclude a spearmans rank test?

A
  • rank the raw data from smallest to largest
  • find the difference in the ranks
  • square the rank differences
  • sum up all the squared rank differences
  • put the values into the formula
  • critical values table will use sapmle size rather than degrees of freedom
71
Q
A

Bio Module 4 (3 decks)

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