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Module 4 > Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a pathogen

A

Organism that causes disease

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2
Q

What’s a host

A

Organism the pathogen lives in

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3
Q

Organisms that affect diseases

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protoctista

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4
Q

How do bacteria spread disease

A

They are prokaryotic cells that rapidly reproduce to spread disease -> no membrane bound organelles & nucleus
- most bacteria produce toxins that produce poison or damage the host cells, causing disease.
These toxins can damage / inactivate enzymes, cause cell-membrane breakdown etc. e.g. interfere with the host cell genetic material so cells can’t divide

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5
Q

Diseases caused by bacteria

A

TB & ring rot

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6
Q

How do viruses infect host cells and take over the generic machinery & organelles of cell

A
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7
Q

Diseases caused by viruses

A
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8
Q

How do fungi spread disease

A

Some fungi produce toxins which affect the host cells & cause disease
Fungi digest living cells & destroys them. This combined with the response of the body to the fungus damage gives symptom of disease

Fungi = hyphae from mycelium spread throughout host skin / vascular tissue -> release spores

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9
Q

Diseases caused by fungi

A
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10
Q

How do Protoctista spreads disease

A

Some take over the cells & break them open, digesting
Some need a vector to transfer them to their hosts, while some enter directly through polluted water

These are eukaryotes which aren’t animals, fungi, or plants + have overlapping features with all of the other eukaryotes

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11
Q

What diseases do Protoctista cause

A
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12
Q

Ways of direct transmission

A
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13
Q

Ways of indirect transmission e.g. using a vector etc

A
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14
Q

Factors that increase the likelihood of transmission

A
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15
Q

Why is spread of communicable diseases likelier in warmer / moist conditions

A
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16
Q

What is direct transmission

A

Direct contact of a healthy plant with any part of a diseased one

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17
Q

Ways of indirect transmission (NOT USING A VECTOR)

A
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18
Q

What are factors affecting plants pathogen transmission

A
  • planting varieties of crops that are susceptible to disease
  • over-crowding increases the likelihood of contact
  • damp conditions = increased survival and spread of spores & pathogens
  • poor mineral nutrition = reduced plant resistance
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19
Q

What are (plants) passive defences

A

Passive defences are always present, before infection, & prevent entry & spread of pathogen

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20
Q

Examples of main physical plant defences

A
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21
Q

Chemical defences in plants

A
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22
Q

What are non-specific defences in animals

A
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23
Q

What are the steps of skin keratinisation (~30 days)

A
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24
Q

Why does blood clot

A
  • prevents excess blood loss
  • prevent pathogens entering body & bloodstream through wound
  • scab provides barrier which allows wound to heal
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25
Q

How does blood clot

A

Clotting factors activate the enzyme cascade, once a clot forms, blood cannot leak out of the body & pathogens cannot get in

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26
Q

Why does blood clot formation have to be complex

A

To prevent formation in blood vessels when not needed

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27
Q

Wound repair steps

A
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28
Q

What do mast cells do in the immune response

A

Detect the presence of pathogens in tissue, then release histamines (cell signalling substances)

29
Q

What do histamines stimulate

A
  • vasodilation to increase blood flow through capillaries to area
    -> leaky capillaries allow WBC’s + plasma proteins to leave the blood & enter tissue fluid
    -> that tissue fluid then enters tissues, leading to swelling

The excess tissue fluid is drained by the lymphatic system, where lymphocytes are stored, & pathogens come into contact with lymphocytes and imitate the immune response

30
Q

What are expulsive reflexes

A
  1. Coughs & Sneezes - they eject the pathogen laden mucus from gas exchange
  2. Vomiting & Diarrhoea - expel the contents of the gut, & infective pathogens
31
Q

How do mucus membrane work / what’s the action of mucus

A

Mucus secreted by goblet cells
Mucus traps pathogen
Cilia sweeps mucus upwards to top of trachea
Mucus swallowed -> enters digestive system -> traps pathogens -> killed by stomach acid

32
Q

Where are mucus membranes found

A

Mucus membrane line the gut, airways and reproductive system, as these areas are less well protected as ifs where many things are taken into the body

33
Q

What are antibodies

A

Y shaped (proteins) that are specific to 1 type of antigen

34
Q

Antibody structure

A

4 polypeptide chains (two light & two heavy) held together by disulphide bonds
2 variable regions (these allow for the binding of more than 1 of the same antigen)
- has a complementary shape to a specific antibody
- variable regions of different antibodies allow for specificity to different antigens

Constant region (allows recognition by & attachment to phagocytes)
Hinge region (allows flexibility + binding of more than one antigen)

35
Q

Function of the antibody

A

Produced by plasma cells to bind to specific antigens

36
Q

Antibody diagram

A
37
Q

Antibody diagram

A
38
Q

Ways antibodies can function

A

Agglutinins
Opsonins
Anti-toxins

39
Q

What do agglutinins do

A

Cause pathogens to stick together by agglutination
- clump together many pathogens
- clump too large to enter host cells
- increases likelihood of the clump being consumed by phagocyte & more pathogens can be consumed by phagocyte at once

40
Q

How do opsonins work

A

These are protein molecules which attach to antigens on the surface of a pathogen -> increase the ability of the phagocyte to bind to & engulf the pathogen

41
Q

How do anti-toxins work

A

They neutralise toxins released by pathogens
- cover binding site (antigen) on pathogen
Bind to toxins
Prevent entry of pathogen into host cell

42
Q

Types of immunity

A

Active
Passive
Artificial
Natural

43
Q

Types of each immunity explanation / examples

A
44
Q

What is autoimmunity

A

When antibodies produced by the immune system attack its own antigens, damaging its body cells

45
Q

Examples of autoimmune diseases

A
46
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

White blood cells
Smaller than phagocytes
Have large nucleus which fills most of cell
Specific receptors on the cell surface membranes

47
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

T and B

48
Q

T cells vs B cells table

A
49
Q

What do T cells differentiate into

A
50
Q

What do B lymphocytes become

A

Differentiate into plasma cells e.g. to produce antibodies
B memory cells also stay in the blood to provide long term immunity

51
Q

What occurs in the primary immune response (based on B cells & humoural immunity)

A
52
Q

How does the secondary immune response differ from the primary one

A

Secondary…
Stars earlier than primary
Faster
Produces more antibodies + production starts sooner than primary
Due to memory cells

53
Q

Functions of memory cells

A
54
Q

Functions of memory cells

A
55
Q

Vaccination definition

A

Deliberate exposure to harmless antigenic material in order to stimulate an immune response, produce antibodies, & memory cells in order to gain future immunity to a specific disease

Antigenic material = weakened dead pathogen

56
Q

Epidemic vs pandemic

A

Epidemic = rapid spread of disease through a high proportion of population
Pandemic = worldwide epidemic

57
Q

Herd vaccination vs ring vaccination

A
58
Q

Why do vaccines have to be changed regularly

A

As different strains of the pathogen emerge due to the pathogen mutations -> these diff strains have diff antigens, so therefore antibodies produced must match the antigens of the new strain

59
Q

Examples of vulnerable demographics in society e.g as they have compromised or immature immune systems

A
  • young children
  • elderly
  • hiv infected
  • on immunosuppressants
  • leukomia
  • under cancer treatments
60
Q

Define ‘health’

A

Free from disease & physical, mental & social well-being & good nutrition & suitable housing

61
Q

Sources of medicines & threats to these sources

A

Sources
- plants / micro-organisms esp those in traditional medicine (as already identified to be likely to have a medicinal effect

Threat
- reducing biodiversity
- new drugs coming from plants / animals fungi
Leads to habitat destruction via logging

62
Q

How does antibiotic resistance develop

A
63
Q

How does antibiotic resistance develop

A
64
Q

What do phagocytes do + types of them

A

First line of secondary defence (after pathogen has entered the body)
E.g. macrophages, neutrophils, & mast cells

65
Q

What are macrophages / what do they do (etc’

A
66
Q

What do Antigen present cells do

A

Move around the body, increasing the likelihood that it will come into contact via specific cells (T-lymphocytes) which active the immune response

67
Q

What do neutrophils do / their structure / their traits etc.

A
68
Q

What do cytokines do

A

They’re cell signalling molecules which stimulate the immune response
- have specific shape
- complementary shape to receptor
- bind to receptor on membrane
- activate clonal expansion

69
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis (a neutrophil engulfing a pathogen into a phagocyte)

A

Module 4 (3 decks)

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