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Module 4 > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Types of biodiversity!

A

Habitat
Species
Genetic

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2
Q

2 types of species biodiversity

A

Species richness & evenness

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3
Q

Habitat biodiversity

A

Number of different habitats in an area

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4
Q

Genetic biodiversity

A

The variety of genes that make up a species

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5
Q

Species richness vs species evenness

A

Richness = the number of diff species in an area
Evenness = a comparison of the numbers of individuals of each species in an area

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6
Q

What is community

A

The populations of living organisms in a particular habitat

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7
Q

What’s sampling

A

Taking measurements of a limited number of individuals organisms present in a particular area
-> to measure biodiversity in an area

We can use it to
- estimate no. of organisms
- measure particular characteristics of organisms
- then you can make generalisations & assumptiond

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8
Q

What’s random sampling + procedure

A

Selecting individuals by chance
E.g. @ a grass verge
1. Mark our a grid on the grass using 2 tape measures
2. Use random numbers to determine the x-co-ordinate & the y-co-ordinate in your grid
3. Then take a sample at each of the co-ordinate pairs generated

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9
Q

3 ways to do. Non - random sampling

A
  1. Opportunistic
  2. Stratified
  3. Systematic
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10
Q

What’s opportunistic sample

A

Using organisms that are conveniently available. May not be representative of population, therefore weakest form of sampling

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11
Q

What’s stratified sampling

A

Dividing populations can be putting them into groups based on a particular characteristic e.g. males & females.
A random sample is then taken from each of the strata proportional to its size

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12
Q

What is systematic sampling + the 2 types

A

Different areas within an overall habitat are identified & then sampled separately. Often done using
-> a belt transect: mark 2 parallel lines & sample the area in between
-> a line transect: mark a line & take samples @ specific points

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13
Q

Why is it important to sample a range

A

More reliable
-> sample bias reduced & a larger sample size also minimises idea of chance
This also makes the sample more representative

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14
Q

Ways to sample animals

A
  1. Pitfall traps
  2. Sweep nets
  3. Pooter
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15
Q

How do use pitfall traps

A
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16
Q

How to use a pooter

A
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17
Q

Why use a sweep net

A

Catch insects in areas of long grass

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18
Q

Why do we use quadrats to sample plants

A

As they’re immobile

19
Q

Point vs frame quadrant

A
20
Q

Most valid & representative sample =

A
  • random sample + quadrats along a belt / line transect
21
Q

How to measure species richness

A

Use sampling techniques to make a list of all the species identified

22
Q

How to measure species evenness

A
23
Q

How to measure diversity

A
24
Q

Proportion of polymorphic gene loci

A

Number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci

The greater the proportion, the greater the biodiversity within the population

25
Q

Factors that affect genetic biodiversity

A
26
Q

Factors affecting biodiversity

A
27
Q

Factors affecting biodiversity

A
28
Q

Reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A
29
Q

Markscheme answer -> why maintain biodiversity for ecological aesthetic & economic reasons

A
30
Q

What are the 2 methods of maintaining biodiversity (both are ways of conservation)

A

In situ & ex situ

31
Q

Ex situ vs in situ

A
32
Q

What’s ‘in situ’ & examples of it

A
  • inside natural habitat, therefore maintains not only genetic diversity of species, but also the evolutionary adaptions
    Keeps the endangered interacting, therefore independent relationships are maintained
  1. Wild life reserves
  2. Marine conservation zones
33
Q

How do wildlife reserves work?

A
  • requires active management & techniques involve:
    1. Restricting human access
    2. Feeding animals
    3. Controlling grazing
    4. Reintroduction of species
    5. Removing invading species
    6. Halting succsssion
34
Q

How do Marine conservations work

A

Create areas of refuge where populations can build up & repopulate adjacent areas

35
Q

How does ex-situ conservation work + examples

A
  • normally used in conjunction with in situ
  • involves removal of organisms from their natural habitat
    E.g.
    Botanic gardens
    Seed banks
    Captive breeding/Zoos
36
Q

How do botanic gardens work

A

Provide the species with the best resources e.g. provision of soil nutrients, sufficient watering, etc

37
Q

How do seed banks work

A

Storing the seeds (& their genetical material) so new ones can be planted way later, for reintroduction or breeding

38
Q

How do zoos/captive breeding work

A

Producing offspring in a human controlled environment, before careful reintroduction of the species

39
Q

Pros & cons of zoos & captive breeding

A
40
Q

What are the 3 conservation agreements

A

CSS (COUNTRYSHIP STEWARDSHIP SCHEME)
CBD (RIO CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY)
CITES (CONSERVATION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED)

41
Q

What’s the CSS / Countryside stewardship scheme

A

1991-2014: offered governmental payments to farmers to enhance & conserve the English landscape
Specific aims e.g. sustaining beauty & diversity, improving habitats etc.

-> how replaced by the ESS which operates similarly

42
Q

How does CBD : the Rio convention on biological diversity work

A

Requires countries to develop natural strategies on sustainable development, for the maintenance of biodiversity

43
Q

How does CITES work

A

-> established by the IUCN
- treaty that regulates the international trade of wild plant & animal specimens & their products
- international regulation of trade over borders to safeguard from over exploitation
Over 35000 species

Module 4 (3 decks)

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