Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Module 4 > Communicable diseases > Flashcards

Communicable diseases Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What diseases does bacteria cause in plants and animals?

A

Ring rot, TB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What diseases does viruses cause in animals and plants?

A

HIV/AIDS, Influenza, Tobacco mosaic virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What diseases does protoctista cause in animals and plants?

A

Malaria, Potato/tomato late blight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What diseases does fungi cause in animals and plants?

A

Athletes foot, Black stigatoka

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes malaria?

A

Female mosquito acts a vector for protoctista, transfers saliva to other organism during feeding.

Parasite reproduces asexually in RBC in liver causing cell lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a vector?

A

an organism which carries a pathogen between hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is pathogens spread between animals? Direct

A
  1. Direct physical contact
  2. Faecal/oral transmission
  3. Droplet infection
  4. Transmission by spores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are social factors affecting the transmission in animals?

A
  1. Overcrowding
  2. Poor ventilation
  3. Poor health / diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is pathogens spread between animals indirectly?

A

Via a vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is pathogens spread between plants directly?

A

Fungi producing spores for asexual/sexual reproduction and can be carried by the wind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is pathogens passed between plants indirectly?

A

Insect carrying spores attack plants and pathogen is transmitted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In what type of climate do fungi and bacteria reproduce rapidly in?

A

Warm and moist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does the cellulose cell wall act as a physical defence?

A

physical barrier and has chemicals that can be activated when a pathogen is detected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does lignin thickening cell walls act as a physical defence?

A

waterproof and completely indigestible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the waxy cuticles act as a physical defence?

A

prevents water collecting on cell surface since pathogens need water to survive, absence of water = passive defence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does bark act as a physical defence?

A

contains chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does stomatal closure act as a physical defence?

A

when pathogenic cells are detected, the guard cells closen the stomata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does callose act as a physical defence?

A

blocks flow in sieve tube so prevents pathogen from spreading around the plant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does tylose formation act as a physical defence?

A

a balloon-like swelling that fills the xylem vessel and plugs it producing chemicals

20
Q

What are some types of active defences?

A

Cell walls become thickened with additional cellulose

Callose deposition

Oxidative bursts that produce highly reactive O2 molecules that damage invading organisms

increase production of chemicals

21
Q

What are some chemical defences?

A

Terpenoids,phenols,alkaloids and hydrolytic enzymes

Have anti pathogenic properties

22
Q

Define necrosis and canker

A

necrosis is deliberate cell suicide

canker is sunken necrotic leision in stem and branch that cause death of the cambium tissue in bark.

23
Q

What are some primary defenses

A

skin
blood clotting
expulsive reflexes
mucuous membranes
inflammation

24
Q

Describe the method of blood clotting

A

platelets release substances that , via a cascade of events, release fibrin which forms a network trapping the platelets and forming a clot.

25
Q

How does inflammation work

A

Histamine, causes vasodilation,

makes wall more permeable to WBC,

then the WBC enter tissue fluid which increases the prod. of tissue fluid and causes swelling (inflammation)

26
Q

Describe the mode of action of neutrophils (phagocytosis)

A
  1. pathogen recognised by opsonin attached to antigen
  2. pathogen engulfed via endocytosis and forms a phagosome
  3. Lysosome fuses with phagosome and forms a phagolysosome - and releases lysozymes (hydrolytic)
27
Q

what are macrophages

A

antigen presenting cells
- increase recognition

28
Q

describe the mode of action of T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes in the specific immune response

A
  1. Infection and reproduction of pathogen
  2. Presentation of antigen
  3. Clonal selection
  4. Clonal expansion (by mitosis) - T-helper cells stimulate B-cells to divide
  5. Differentiation
    T-memory and B-memory cells
    Plasma cells
29
Q

why is the secondary immune response faster than the first

A
  • memory cells in blood are released at second infection
  • plasma cells released quicker
  • more antibodies produced
30
Q

where a T-lymphocytes produced and where are B-lymphocytes produced

A

T: Thymus gland
B: Bone marrow

31
Q

what is an autoimmune disease?

A

where the immune system attacks own cells

32
Q

what is the function of T-regulatory cells

A

prevents autoimmunity

33
Q

what are 2 examples of an autoimmune disease

A

arthritis and lupus

34
Q

what is the structure and function of antibodies

A

. variable region- specific to the antigen, binds and forms an antigen-antibody complex

.constant region- same in all antibodies

.2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

.hinge region- flexibility

. disulfide bridges- hold the 2 chains together

35
Q

what are agglutinins

A

antibodies that make pathogens stick together

36
Q

what are opsonin

A

protein that binds to the antigen to increase recognition

37
Q

what are anti-toxins

A

bind to molecules that are released by pathogens and render them harmless

38
Q

what is natural immunity

A

immunity achieved through normal life processes

39
Q

what is passive immunity

A

immunity achieved when antibodies are passed to an individual through breast feeding or injection

40
Q

what is active immunity

A

immunity provided by our own antibodies

41
Q

what is artificial immunity

A

immunity achieved through antibodies from vaccinations

42
Q

what is an EXAMPLE of natural active immunity

A

immunity to chickenpox

43
Q

what is an EXAMPLE of natural passive immunity

A

antibodies from breast milk means that the baby is immune to everything the mother is immune to

44
Q

what is an EXAMPLE of artificial active immunity

A

immunity to TB

45
Q

what is an EXAMPLE of artificial passive immunity

A

hepatitis A

46
Q
A

Biology Module 4 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions