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Biology Module 4 > Classification and evolution > Flashcards

Classification and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

define classification

A

process of naming and organising organisms into groups based on their characteristics

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2
Q

name the eight groups in the classification hierarchy

A

domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - genus - species

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3
Q

what are the two components in the binomial name system

A

generic name - capital letter, two closely related species

species name - lowercase letter, species the organism belongs to

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4
Q

what’s an advantage of the binomial naming system?

A

it is universal

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5
Q

name the 5 kingdoms and 3 domains

A

prokaryote, protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

bacteria,archaea, eukaryota

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6
Q

define taxonomy

A

study of classification

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7
Q

define species

A

. if they can successfully mate with each other
. tend to have similar:
physical appearance, anatomy, genetics,phylogeny and physiology

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8
Q

give some features of prokaryotes

A

no nucleus
loop of dna + naked
no membrane bound organelles
small ribosomes

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9
Q

give some features of protoctista

A

eukaryotic
autotrophic/heterotrophic
show plant/animal-like features

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10
Q

give some features of fungi

A

eukaryotic
walls made of chitin
saprophytic

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11
Q

give some features of plantae

A

eukaryotes
multicellular
cellulose cell wall
autotrophic
chlorophyll

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12
Q

give some features of animalia

A

eukaryotes
multicellular
heterotrophic

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13
Q

how was the domain system created

A

analysing molecular differences between organisms to determine their phylogeny

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14
Q

how are organisms classified in a kingdom

A

based on similar characteristics

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15
Q

how has biological molecules been used as evidence of the three domains

A

cytochrome C - if sequences are the same, two species must be closely related

DNA - the more similar the sequence part of the DNA the more closely related

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16
Q

what is it meant by convergent evolution

A

when two unrelated species adapt in similar ways so look similar

17
Q

explain how natural selection results in evolution

A

. Species with beneficial alleles are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their alleles to the next generation.

.Members of the next generation with beneficial alleles are then also more likely to survive, so the frequency of the beneficial alleles within the population increases.

18
Q

what does directional selection mean and give an example

A

the alleles of an extreme type are selected for e.g antibiotic resistance bacteria

19
Q

explain how bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

A few bacteria have resistance.

A selection pressure is applied

The resistance alleles are selected for.

Bacteria evolve to become resistant

20
Q

what is stabilizing selection and give an example

A

the alleles of the mean / middle range are selected for.

This happens when the environment is stable, and the genetic diversity in a population decreases.

For example, human birth weight undergoes stabilising selection.

21
Q

explain how stabilising selection work

A

Human birth weight can vary.

A normal birth weight is beneficial.

Natural selection keeps birth weights in the middle range.

22
Q

explain anatomical adaptations

A

physical features of an organism that help them to survive such as the long neck of giraffe which helps it to reach leaves growing on tall trees.

23
Q

explain physiological adaptations

A

internal body functions that help an organism to survive e.g warm-blooded organisms

24
Q

explain behavioural adaptations

A

things that an organism does to survive, such as birds migrating to the south in the winter because there is more food there.

25
Q

what are other evidence for natural selection

A

fossils , genomic DNA and molecular evidence

26
Q

what causes variation

A

genetic and environmental

27
Q

differentiate between intraspecific and interspecific variation

A

variation within same species

variation between different species

28
Q

differentiate between continuous and discontinuous variation

A

C: variation exists as gradual changes over a range e.g. height, root length

D: variation exists as distinct categories e.g. blood group, bacteria shape

29
Q

what are the three types of adaptations

A

anatomical,physiological and behavioral

30
Q

give an example of organisms from different taxonomic groups with similar features

A

marsupial and placental moles live in different continents but share similar anatomical features because they are adapted to similar environments

31
Q

give some implications of evolution for humans

A

bacterial antibiotic resistance means infections are harder to treat

pesticide resistance means entire crops could be destroyed

Biology Module 4 (3 decks)

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