Communicable diseases Flashcards
physical barriers
skin ;
idea of: physical barrier to prevent entry of microorganisms ;
mucous membrane(s) / goblet cells ;
(produce) mucus to trap, pathogens / parasite ;
OR
mucus ;
traps pathogens ;
cilia / ciliated epithelium ;
remove, pathogen / parasite, laden / AW, mucus ;
blood clotting ;
prevents, pathogens / parasite, entering bloodstream ;
ear wax / nasal hairs ;
traps, pathogens / parasite ;
lysozyme / tears / nasal secretions / saliva ;
kills bacteria / contains antibacterial agent ;
gastric juice / stomach acid ;
kills, pathogens / parasite ;
How does food become contaminated
bacteria / (bacterial) cells, divide / increase in number / multiply /
reproduce / proliferate / replicate ;
(secrete) enzymes / named enzyme ;
food, digested / broken down ;
protein / named protein / polypeptides → peptides / amino acids
OR
fat / triglycerides → fatty acids
OR
starch / amylose / glycogen → glucose / sugar ;
production / release / excretion / secretion, of,
toxins / named toxin / waste products ;
(causes) change in, appearance / smell / texture / taste ;
How does food become more contaminated at warmer conditions
acteria, reproduce / AW, more rapidly / faster ;
(so) more bacteria present ;
more, toxins / waste, produced / released / AW ;
more enzymes, secreted / AW ;
enzyme, action faster / works better / more effective,
at higher temperatures ;
(substrate and enzymes have) more kinetic energy ;
more, enzyme-substrate complexes / ESC /
(successful) collisions between substrate and active site
Outline phagocytosis - remember key words
phagocyte, attaches / binds / AW, to bacterium / pathogen ;
receptor (on phagocyte),
attaches to / binds to / recognises / AW,
antigen (on bacterium) ;
stage B
bacterium,
engulfed / enters by endocytosis /
enters by phagocytosis / AW ;
(formation of) phagosome / phagocytic vacuole ;
stage C
lysosomes, fuse with / join with / move towards (phagosome) ;
release se/ crete,
enzymes / lysins / named enzyme /
hydrogen peroxide / free radicals (into phagosome) ;
stage C/D
bacterium, digested / broken down / hydrolysed ;
(to) amino acid / sugar / glucose / fatty acid / glycerol ;
stage D
absorbed / AW, into, cytoplasm / cytosol ;
by, (facilitated / simple) diffusion / active transport ;
How is the antibodies structure suited to its function
Y-shaped molecule / light and heavy chains /
disulfide bonds / 4 polypeptide chains ;
constant region ;
marker for / binds to, phagocytes / AW ;
variable region ;
(antibody) specificity ;
(has) complementary shape to antigen (on pathogen) ;
hinge (region) ;
allows flexibility ;
more than one variable region :
allows,
agglutination / description of agglutination
or
attachment to more than one, pathogen / antigen ;
neutralisation / blocking pathogen’s binding sites ;
Suggest why erythrocytes that contain Plasmodium are more likely to be destroyed by
phagocytosis than healthy erythrocytes
(different) chemicals that attract phagocytes (released from
infected erythrocytes) ;
How are phagocytes able to pass from blood to tissue fluid
obed / narrow , nucleus ;
(cells) can change shape ;
can squeeze / move / fit / AW , between cells
/ through pores , in (walls of) capillaries ;
histamine makes , capillary walls /
endothelium , leaky
Name of pathogen that causes TB
Mycobacterium /M. tuberculosis / M. bovis
How does a mosquito transmit malaria
(mosquito), is vector ;
Plasmodium / parasite, present in (mosquito), saliva /
salivary gland ;
idea that infected mosquito, feeds on / bites, human ;
Plasmodium / parasite, passes (from saliva) to blood
Suggest why the influenza vaccine has to be changed each year
fferent strains of the virus / virus mutates (each year) ;
(new strains have) different antigens ;
idea that antibody produced , needs to match new strain
Describe the role of these memory cells when the influenza virus enters the body
recognise , virus / antigen / pathogen ;
produce a clone ;
can , change to / form , plasma cells (on infection) ;
make antibodies (against influenza , virus / antigen) ;
responsible for secondary response /
destroy virus before symptoms appear ;
can , change to / form , named T-cell ;
Benefits of plants in traditional medicine
(plants) already identified as likely to have , medicinal
properties / few side effects / AW ;
reduces , time / effort , in finding , plants / active chemicals ;
(possibly) reduces cost ;
Describe how cytokine molecules can stimulate specific groups of B lymphocytes to
divide.
cytokine / interleukin / receptor has, specific / unique,
shape ;
(cytokine / interleukin), binds / attaches / bonds to / fits into,
receptor ;
receptor on (cell surface) membrane (of B lymphocyte) ;
(receptor and cytokine have) complementary shapes ;
activates / stimulates, clonal expansion / mitosis ;
B action in specific immune response
umoral response ;
(B) cell / lymphocy ,
has antigen receptor / carries antibody on its surface ;
specific to / matches / complementary to , only one antigen ;
clonal selection ;
selection / activation , of , appropriate / specific ,
B lymphocyte / cellB ;
by , macrophages / antigen presenting cells / dendritic cells /
T helper cells / cytokines / interleukins ;
clonal expansion ;
(selected cell) divides by mitosis / clones ;
(B) cel , differentiate / specialise ;
(B cells) form , plasma / effector , cells ;
(which) secrete / produce , antibodies ;
antibodies are , specific / complementary , to antigen ;
(B cells) form memory cells ;
Either (memory cells) long-lived / remain in circulation /
or
or
remain in body / provide immunological memory
(provides) secondary response
faster / stronger , response to subsequent exposure
(of same antigen / pathogen / parasite) ;
What is a humoral response
humoral immunity produces antigen-specific antibodies, whereas cell-mediated immunity does not
