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communicable disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is type of the pathogen responsible for tuberculosis?

A

bacteria

mycobacterium tuberculosis
m.bovis

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2
Q

what is the effect of tuberculosis

A

destroys lung tissue and suppresses immune system

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3
Q

treatment for TB

A

cured by antibiotics and preventable by improving living standards and vaccination

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4
Q

who does TB affect

A

Animals

mainly humans and cattles

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5
Q

What is type pathogen responsible for bacterial meningitus?

A

bacteria

Streptococcus pneumonia
neisseria meningitidis

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6
Q

what is the effect of and symptoms bacterial meningitis

A

infects meninges of brain which can cause septicaemia and death

fever cold severe headache

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7
Q

treatments for bacterial meningitis

A

early antibiotics cure

vaccine prevents

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8
Q

who does bacterial meningitis affect

A

humans

mainly very young children and teenagers

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9
Q

what pathogens causes ring rots

A

bacteria

clavibacter michiganesis

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10
Q

effect of ring rot

A

damages leaves, tubers and fruit so destroys crops

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11
Q

treatment for ring rot

A

no cure and field cant be used for 2 years

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12
Q

who does ring rot affect

A

potatoes and tomatoes

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13
Q

What is the name of the pathogen responsible for AIDS?

A

Human Immunodeficiency virus

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14
Q

effect of AIDs

A

destroys T helper cells so sufferers die of other infections

transmitted by bodily fluid

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15
Q

treatments for AIDS

A

no cure but anti- retroviral drugs slow the progress of the disease

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16
Q

who does AIDS affect

A

humans

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17
Q

what does AIDS stand for

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

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18
Q

What type of pathogen responsible for influenza?

A

virus

orthomyxoviridae

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19
Q

effects of influenza

A

infects ciliated epithelial cells in has exchange system leaving airways open to secondary infections, virus mutates often

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20
Q

treatment for influenza

A

no cure

vunerable people can be given a flu vaccine

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21
Q

who does influenza affect

A

animals including humans

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22
Q

effects of tobacco mosaic virus

A

it damages leaves, flowers, fruits, stunting growth and reducing yield

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23
Q

treatment for tobacco mosaic virus

A

no cure

resistant crop strands available

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24
Q

who does tobacco mosaic virus affect

A

plants

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25
What is the name of the pathogen responsible for malaria?
Plasmodium spread by the vector female Anopheles mosquito protoctista
26
effect of malaria
invades the red blood cells and liver
27
treatment for malaria
no vaccine prevention easy destroying anpheles mosquitos by insecticides
28
who does malaria affect
animals including humans
29
what pathogen causes potato/tomato late blight
fungus like protocista (oomycete) Phytophthora infestans | protoctista
30
effects of potato/tomato late blight
hyphae penetrate host cells destroying tissue causing crop damage
31
treatment for potato/tomato late blight
no cure but resistant strains
32
what pathogen causes black sigatoka
Mycosphaerella fijiensis | fungi
33
effect of black sigatoka
hyphae penetrate and digest the cells turning the leaves blackwhich destrous yield
34
treatment for black sigatoka
no cure | fungicide can control spread
35
who does black sigatoka affect
banana plants
36
What type of pathogen responsible for ring worm?
fungi
37
effect of ring worms
causes grey crusty infections on skin | itchy but not damaging
38
treatment for ring worms
antifungal creams are effective
39
who does ring worm affect
cattle
40
What type of pathogen responsible for Athlete's foot?
fungi
41
effect of athletes foot
digests warm moist skin between toes | itchy and sore
42
treatment for athletes foot
antifungal creams are effective
43
who does athletes food affect
humans
44
what is a disease
a condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism
45
what is a pathogen
an organism that causes a disease
46
what are the types of pathogens
bacteria virus protoctista fungi
47
what is a communicable disease
a disease that can spread between organisms
48
How do bacteria damage hosts
Multiply rapidly | Damage cells by releasing waste products and/or toxins
49
How do fungi damage hosts
Hyphae release extracellular enzymes e.g. celluloses to digest plant tissue Causes decay and leaf death —> no photosynthesis May produce toxins
50
Are viruses eukaryotic or prokaryotic
Neither; they’re dead
51
How do viruses damage hosts
Invade living cells where genetic material in virus takes over the biochemistry of the host cells Makes more copies Host cell bursts, releasing viruses
52
How do protoctista damage hosts
Enter host cells and feed on contents before breaking over cells
53
How may protoctista enter through the body directly
Polluted water
54
Transmission
Passing a pathogen from an infected individual to an uninflected individual
55
Direct transmission
Passing a pathogen from host to new host, with no intermediary
56
Types of direct transmission
Physical contact Faecal - oral transmission Droplet infection Transmission by spores
57
Physical contact
Touching an infected person Touching contaminated surfaces Exchanging bodily fluids
58
Faecal - oral transmission
Eating food or drinking water contaminated by pathogen
59
Droplet infection
Pathogens are carried in tiny water droplets in the air
60
Transmission by spores
Spores are the resistant stage of some pathogens | Can be carried in the air or reside on surfaces or in the soil
61
Indirect transmission
Pathogens are transmitted indirectly via a vector vectors droplet fomites
62
Vector
Another organism that may be used by the pathogen to gain entry to the primary host
63
Cause of malaria
Plasmodium parasite | It enters the human host via a bite from a female Anopheles mosquito
64
fomites
inanimate objects such as bedding, socks, or cosmetics can transfer pathogens
65
Social factors affect direct transmission
``` Overcrowding Poor ventilation Poor sanitation Poor health - likely to contract other diseases Poor diet (malnutrition) Lack of education ```
66
Why is there a greater variety of diseases to be found in warmer climates
Many protoctists, bacteria and fungi can grow and reproduce more rapidly in warm and moist conditions
67
Why are plants targets for microorganisms
Manufacture sugars in photosynthesis and convert this into wide variety of compounds such as proteins and oils - rich source of nutrients for microorganisms
68
Passive defences
Prevent entry
69
Active defences
Induced when pathogen is detected
70
Plant passive defences
``` Cell wall Waxy cuticle Bark Stomatal closure Chemicals with anti pathogenic properties ```
71
Plant active defences
``` Production of callose Strengthen cell walls with additional cellulose and lignin Tylose formation Wide range of chemicals produced Necrosis ```
72
Callose as an active defence
within minutes of an intial attack callose is synthesised and deposisted between the cell walls and the cell membrane in cells next to the infected cells preventing the pathogen entering the plant cells around site of infection large amounts of callose continue to be deposited in cell walls after initial infection. lignin is added making the mechanical barrier to invasion even thicker and stronger callose blocks sieve plates in phloem sealing off the infected part and preventing the spread of pathogens callose is deposisted in the plasmodesmata between infected cells and their neighbours sealing them off from healthy cells and helping to prevent the pathogen spreading
73
examples of chemical defenses in plants
some plants produce saponins which destroy cell membrane of fungi and other pathogens produce phytoalexins which inhibits the growth of fungi and other pathogens
74
health
free from disease/ illness physical mental and social well-being good nutrition suitably house

bio (13 decks)

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