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communicable disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is type of the pathogen responsible for tuberculosis?

A

bacteria

mycobacterium tuberculosis
m.bovis

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2
Q

what is the effect of tuberculosis

A

destroys lung tissue and suppresses immune system

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3
Q

treatment for TB

A

cured by antibiotics and preventable by improving living standards and vaccination

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4
Q

who does TB affect

A

Animals

mainly humans and cattles

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5
Q

What is type pathogen responsible for bacterial meningitus?

A

bacteria

Streptococcus pneumonia
neisseria meningitidis

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6
Q

what is the effect of and symptoms bacterial meningitis

A

infects meninges of brain which can cause septicaemia and death

fever cold severe headache

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7
Q

treatments for bacterial meningitis

A

early antibiotics cure

vaccine prevents

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8
Q

who does bacterial meningitis affect

A

humans

mainly very young children and teenagers

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9
Q

what pathogens causes ring rots

A

bacteria

clavibacter michiganesis

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10
Q

effect of ring rot

A

damages leaves, tubers and fruit so destroys crops

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11
Q

treatment for ring rot

A

no cure and field cant be used for 2 years

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12
Q

who does ring rot affect

A

potatoes and tomatoes

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13
Q

What is the name of the pathogen responsible for AIDS?

A

Human Immunodeficiency virus

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14
Q

effect of AIDs

A

destroys T helper cells so sufferers die of other infections

transmitted by bodily fluid

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15
Q

treatments for AIDS

A

no cure but anti- retroviral drugs slow the progress of the disease

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16
Q

who does AIDS affect

A

humans

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17
Q

what does AIDS stand for

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

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18
Q

What type of pathogen responsible for influenza?

A

virus

orthomyxoviridae

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19
Q

effects of influenza

A

infects ciliated epithelial cells in has exchange system leaving airways open to secondary infections, virus mutates often

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20
Q

treatment for influenza

A

no cure

vunerable people can be given a flu vaccine

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21
Q

who does influenza affect

A

animals including humans

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22
Q

effects of tobacco mosaic virus

A

it damages leaves, flowers, fruits, stunting growth and reducing yield

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23
Q

treatment for tobacco mosaic virus

A

no cure

resistant crop strands available

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24
Q

who does tobacco mosaic virus affect

A

plants

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25
Q

What is the name of the pathogen responsible for malaria?

A

Plasmodium
spread by the vector female Anopheles mosquito
protoctista

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26
Q

effect of malaria

A

invades the red blood cells and liver

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27
Q

treatment for malaria

A

no vaccine
prevention easy
destroying anpheles mosquitos by insecticides

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28
Q

who does malaria affect

A

animals including humans

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29
Q

what pathogen causes potato/tomato late blight

A

fungus like protocista (oomycete) Phytophthora infestans

protoctista

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30
Q

effects of potato/tomato late blight

A

hyphae penetrate host cells destroying tissue causing crop damage

31
Q

treatment for potato/tomato late blight

A

no cure but resistant strains

32
Q

what pathogen causes black sigatoka

A

Mycosphaerella fijiensis

fungi

33
Q

effect of black sigatoka

A

hyphae penetrate and digest the cells turning the leaves blackwhich destrous yield

34
Q

treatment for black sigatoka

A

no cure

fungicide can control spread

35
Q

who does black sigatoka affect

A

banana plants

36
Q

What type of pathogen responsible for ring worm?

A

fungi

37
Q

effect of ring worms

A

causes grey crusty infections on skin

itchy but not damaging

38
Q

treatment for ring worms

A

antifungal creams are effective

39
Q

who does ring worm affect

A

cattle

40
Q

What type of pathogen responsible for Athlete’s foot?

A

fungi

41
Q

effect of athletes foot

A

digests warm moist skin between toes

itchy and sore

42
Q

treatment for athletes foot

A

antifungal creams are effective

43
Q

who does athletes food affect

A

humans

44
Q

what is a disease

A

a condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism

45
Q

what is a pathogen

A

an organism that causes a disease

46
Q

what are the types of pathogens

A

bacteria
virus
protoctista
fungi

47
Q

what is a communicable disease

A

a disease that can spread between organisms

48
Q

How do bacteria damage hosts

A

Multiply rapidly

Damage cells by releasing waste products and/or toxins

49
Q

How do fungi damage hosts

A

Hyphae release extracellular enzymes e.g. celluloses to digest plant tissue
Causes decay and leaf death —> no photosynthesis
May produce toxins

50
Q

Are viruses eukaryotic or prokaryotic

A

Neither; they’re dead

51
Q

How do viruses damage hosts

A

Invade living cells where genetic material in virus takes over the biochemistry of the host cells
Makes more copies
Host cell bursts, releasing viruses

52
Q

How do protoctista damage hosts

A

Enter host cells and feed on contents before breaking over cells

53
Q

How may protoctista enter through the body directly

A

Polluted water

54
Q

Transmission

A

Passing a pathogen from an infected individual to an uninflected individual

55
Q

Direct transmission

A

Passing a pathogen from host to new host, with no intermediary

56
Q

Types of direct transmission

A

Physical contact
Faecal - oral transmission
Droplet infection
Transmission by spores

57
Q

Physical contact

A

Touching an infected person
Touching contaminated surfaces
Exchanging bodily fluids

58
Q

Faecal - oral transmission

A

Eating food or drinking water contaminated by pathogen

59
Q

Droplet infection

A

Pathogens are carried in tiny water droplets in the air

60
Q

Transmission by spores

A

Spores are the resistant stage of some pathogens

Can be carried in the air or reside on surfaces or in the soil

61
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Pathogens are transmitted indirectly via a vector

vectors
droplet
fomites

62
Q

Vector

A

Another organism that may be used by the pathogen to gain entry to the primary host

63
Q

Cause of malaria

A

Plasmodium parasite

It enters the human host via a bite from a female Anopheles mosquito

64
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects such as bedding, socks, or cosmetics can transfer pathogens

65
Q

Social factors affect direct transmission

A 
Overcrowding 
Poor ventilation 
Poor sanitation 
Poor health - likely to contract other diseases 
Poor diet (malnutrition) 
Lack of education
66
Q

Why is there a greater variety of diseases to be found in warmer climates

A

Many protoctists, bacteria and fungi can grow and reproduce more rapidly in warm and moist conditions

67
Q

Why are plants targets for microorganisms

A

Manufacture sugars in photosynthesis and convert this into wide variety of compounds such as proteins and oils - rich source of nutrients for microorganisms

68
Q

Passive defences

A

Prevent entry

69
Q

Active defences

A

Induced when pathogen is detected

70
Q

Plant passive defences

A 
Cell wall
Waxy cuticle
Bark 
Stomatal closure 
Chemicals with anti pathogenic properties
71
Q

Plant active defences

A 
Production of callose
Strengthen cell walls with additional cellulose and lignin 
Tylose formation 
Wide range of chemicals produced 
Necrosis
72
Q

Callose as an active defence

A

within minutes of an intial attack callose is synthesised and deposisted between the cell walls and the cell membrane in cells next to the infected cells preventing the pathogen entering the plant cells around site of infection

large amounts of callose continue to be deposited in cell walls after initial infection. lignin is added making the mechanical barrier to invasion even thicker and stronger

callose blocks sieve plates in phloem sealing off the infected part and preventing the spread of pathogens

callose is deposisted in the plasmodesmata between infected cells and their neighbours sealing them off from healthy cells and helping to prevent the pathogen spreading

73
Q

examples of chemical defenses in plants

A

some plants produce saponins which destroy cell membrane of fungi and other pathogens
produce phytoalexins which inhibits the growth of fungi and other pathogens

74
Q

health

A

free from disease/ illness
physical mental and social well-being
good nutrition
suitably house

bio (13 decks)

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