Comms 101 Flashcards
Public Relations
Persuading gatekeepers that there is newsworthy information about their client to be published.
Edward L. Bernays
The founder of modern PR. Used social science research to study PR.
Engineering consent: using psychology and motivation to influence public opinion.
Used messages from credible sources.
Best PR practice 2-way communication.
Opinion Leadership
People of influence in a certain sphere.
Ivy Lee
First modern PR practitioner. A master of managing the press. Rockefeller was one of his clients. Innovations included press conferences, news newsreels, etc.
Press Agentry
Getting media attention for a client, often by creating outrageous stunts to attract journalists. P.T. Barnum and Tom Thumb
Internal Publics
Publics within a company or group.
Pseudo-events
Events created solely for news coverage and attention. P.T. Barnum. Events for an events sake.
Ethics of PR
Be ethical in your use of pathos. Aristotles “golden mean” Moral virtue is an appropriate location between two extremes. Coercion>Persuasion>Manipulation.
Astroturfing
Creating a movement controlled by a large organization or group designed to look like a citizen-founded, grassroots campaign.
Internet
Internetworking of networks. A diverse set of independent networks, interlinked to provide its suers with the appearance of a single, uniform network.
ARPA
Pentagon’s advanced research projects agency. Networking computers across the country. Went online in 1969
Protocol
Common language that connects computers.
Tim Berners-Lee
Created the WWW. Invented internet functions as mass communication. Spawned graphical web browsers as a main model. Wanted to share documents located on the web and give software for free. Made internet free!
Packet Switching
When messages are broken down into small data packets then are sent independently and the receiving computer puts it back together. WILLY WONKA.
Cookies
Information that a website puts on a user’s local hard drive so that it can recognize when that computer accesses the website again. Cookies are what allow of convenience like password recognition and personalization.
Hacker Ethic
Access to computers should be unlimited and total. Open source software. All information wants to be free. Mistrust authority, promote decentralization. People should be judged by skills, not by “bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or position”
Key Web Principles
OPENNESS & ACCESSIBILITY: No central control, available for free, one address to take users to a document, everything told be accessible/linkable.
CONTROL IT YOURSELF: You can customize your web experience.
Open Source Movement
Open-source software allows anyone to access its source code and is often free, demonstrates how successful social production can be.
Social Media makes us dumb
One of Nicholas Carrs main arguments. Youth understand pop culture more than politics and history. Youth express less interest in learning because of access to information. Social media can alienate and isolate.
Google makes us stupid
One of Nicholas Carr’s main arguments. Sustained media use is changing our brains. Our capacity for concentration and contemplation is being eroded. We skim and power browse instead of actually reading long text. Efficiency is the most important. Benefits Google’s business model.
Are computers helping us become more efficient?
Nicholas Carr’s keynote address on automation. Computers are making us dependent are deskilled. Once a computer takes over a task, we stop paying attention to the task. We believe whatever Google tells us to be correct. Computers make us overloaded with tasks or underloaded-thus, we never are at the optimal level for productivity.
Are social media making us meaner?
Nicholas Carr, The Shallows (2010). Research indicates that when our attention is constantly divided, we tend to be less empathetic or consider the emotions or response of others.
Elder Bednar’s Main Arguments
Excessive time spent in cyberspace can lead to a blurring between reality and virtual reality, thus minimizing the importance of our physical bodies (dude got married to online girlfriend, disregarding his actual wife)
Jensen’s main arguments
We must make our use of technology and media a holy sacrament. We should acknowledge that our cell phones and laptops carry no secret powers that will push us toward one side or the other of the war that began in heaven; they are simply tools that amplify the choices we make through our agency.
Kearon’s main arguments
“When we choose to consume the attitudes and opinions of the mass media, we will find our own values and viewpoints following suit, and most of the time we don’t even realize this is happening. We tell ourselves we’re not being affected by these message, but that is not possible.”
Ridd’s Main Arguments
The Cyber Book of Life is your internet cyber profile, and one must be cautious of how they portray themselves
Invention of Television
Philo Farnsworth invented the television starting in 1922
NBC starts boradcasting in 1939
1981: MTV debuts
Television as a social force
TV is widely popular, chewing gum for the eyes, easy to consume, a dominant shared cultural experience.
Where did the term “TV” come from?
Coined by combining the Latin terms for “distance” and “viewing.”
Raymond Williams’s main argument about TV
TV is a constant flow of information
Neil Postman’s arguments about television
TV’s bias is towards entertainment; TV should act more like print. TV rewards performances, not ideas. TV’s biggest problem is when it pretends to be serious.
Anything you see on TV is only good for entertainment.
Chuck Klosterman’s main argument about TV
Laugh tracks convince us of something that is different than we feel (normalize excessive laughter).
The Global Village
Marshal McLuhan. Electronic media transformed the world free of the hierarchal and rigid power relations that were created by the culture of print media. But later this was strong with internet.
The Medium is the Message
Marshall Mcluhan. The medium used to transmit messages was for more important to understand than the actual message content or the way it was produced.
D.W. Griffith
Created the racist film, Birth of a Nation. First full-length film to introduce many innovative cinematic techniques.
Georges Melies
(1861-1938) used to TV medium to conjure and create illusions. He was the first to make objects suddenly appear, disappear, or change. Pioneered special effects, including the double exposure, split screen shots, and the first dissolve. Created Le Voyage Dons Le Lune (A Trip to the Moon)
Louis Lumieres
Frenchman patented a more portable camera, film processing unit, and projector in 1985. Would shoot in the morning, process footage in the afternoon, and project for a paying audience in the evening. Their work only reproduced daily life instead of telling a story.
The Jazz Singer
- Al Jolson. First “talkie.”
Adorn and Popular Music
Popular music is different from serious music.
Talent and creativity is suppressed.
The listener wants leisure and escape, not thinking. Pop music doesn’t require thinking.
If a listener likes one song, it’s because they like the formula.
Phonograph
- Edison. Records sound on tinfoil cylinders.
Telegraph
- Samuel Morse sends messages over wires.
1890s Guglielmo Marconi develops wireless method.
Radio
1905 Fessenden uses radio waves to transmit Christmas messages. Used radio as mass communication.
Graphophone
- Bell. Records sound on wax cylinders.
Gramophone
- Berliner. Plays musics on discs. Mass-produced recordings.
Thomas Edison
1847-1931. Created the kinetoscope, a precursor to the motion picture viewer. Failed to patent.
Stuart Hall
Believed that there is a large gap between parents and youth; teens feel isolated, disillusioned, and misunderstood. Pop music mirrors these feelings in music. They identify with the characters in popular music, giving them a venue to project their attitudes. The learn about style, they work through adolescence tension. Teens want their lives to be like songs.
New Music Playback Technology
Walkman: “Personal music cocoon”
iPod: “Sonic envelope”
Death of “social music”
Rise of the “personal soundtrack”
Social Music
Personal soundtracks. iPods can lead to withdrawals from social conditions.
Music and the Spirit
For the Strength of Youth: Listen to music that invites the spirit and uplifts.
Sister Rosemary M. Wixom: Mice experiment.
Elder Wilford W. Andersen: The spirit is the music of the gospel.
Sampling
the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece.
Open source
computer software with its source code made available with a license in which the copyright holder provides the rights to study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.
Copy-right
the exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.
Copy-left
an arrangement whereby software or artistic work may be used, modified, and distributed freely on condition that anything derived from it is bound by the same condition.
Difference Between Social Media and Traditional Media
TRADITIONAL MEDIA: Filter, then publish. Journalists are gatekeepers of information. Costs are high to start media outlet.
SOCIAL MEDIA: Publish, then filter. All have access to information. Free.
Clutter
The large number of nonprogramming messages that compete for consumer attention on radio, television and the Internet.
Breaking through the clutter is an ongoing challenge for advertisers
Advertising Code of Ethics
Do no harm, foster trust in the marketing system, and embrace ethical values (AMA).
Advertising shall tell the truth, and reveal significant facts; the omission of which ouwld mislead the public.
Puffery
Sensationalized and glorified advertising, often assumed by people to not be a statement of fact.
Conflicts of Interest
Internet offers access but it’s hard to control online content.
Internet offers participation but users have to largely give up privacy. Cookies. Trolls. Internet offers an exciting place but is the online world where we want to be?
Modernization
Changing from a society in which people’s identities are fixed at birth to a society where people can choose who they want to be and how they want to present themselves to the world
People could choose their identity by the products they purchased
Ethos
The credibility of the producer/speaker.
Logos
The persuasive arguments suitable to the cause in question.
Pathos
Then the content stirs consumer’s emotions.
Industrialization
Work done by hand in small shops to mass production of goods in factories
External Publics
Publics outside of the company
